Summary of typologies of participation
| Author | Typology | Types of participation defined |
|---|---|---|
| Arnstein (1969) | Ladder of citizen participation | Manipulation, therapy, one-way informing, two-way consulting, placation, partnership, delegated power and citizen control |
| Pretty (1995) | A typology of participation: how people participate in development programmes and projects | Manipulative participation, passive participation, participation by consultation, participation for material incentives, functional participation, interactive participation and self-mobilisation |
| Martin (2009) | Public participation spectrum | Information, consultation and co-production |
| Bryson (2004) | Participation planning matrix | Inform, consult, involve, collaborate and empower |
| Author | Typology | Types of participation defined |
|---|---|---|
| Ladder of citizen participation | Manipulation, therapy, one-way informing, two-way consulting, placation, partnership, delegated power and citizen control | |
| A typology of participation: how people participate in development programmes and projects | Manipulative participation, passive participation, participation by consultation, participation for material incentives, functional participation, interactive participation and self-mobilisation | |
| Public participation spectrum | Information, consultation and co-production | |
| Participation planning matrix | Inform, consult, involve, collaborate and empower |
Source(s): Table created by authors
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