List of key concepts in the CE in the construction industry in Africa, divided into five clusters based on their co-occurrence (2005–2021)
| Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circular economy | Building materials | Architectural design | Climate change | Additives |
| Aggregates | Construction | Building information modelling (BIM) | Economic aspect | Lifecycle |
| Alternative building materials | Construction material | Construction and demolition | Economics | Microstructure |
| Bottle bricks | Decision support systems | Construction industry | Environmental protection | Phosphogypsum |
| Brick | Developing world | Demolition | Human | Clay |
| Bulk density | End of lives | Industrial economics | Supply chain management | Mixtures |
| Compressive strength | End-of-life | Wastes | Sustainable development | Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| Concrete | Information theory | Decommissioning | Viral disease | |
| Lithology | Innovation | Agile manufacturing systems | Waste management | |
| Mine wastes | Recycling | Building management | ||
| Waste | Sustainability | |||
| Phosphate mines | ||||
| Recycled aggregates | ||||
| Valorisation | ||||
| Waster absorption | ||||
| Porosity | ||||
| Mining |
| Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circular economy | Building materials | Architectural design | Climate change | Additives |
| Aggregates | Construction | Building information modelling (BIM) | Economic aspect | Lifecycle |
| Alternative building materials | Construction material | Construction and demolition | Economics | Microstructure |
| Bottle bricks | Decision support systems | Construction industry | Environmental protection | Phosphogypsum |
| Brick | Developing world | Demolition | Human | Clay |
| Bulk density | End of lives | Industrial economics | Supply chain management | Mixtures |
| Compressive strength | End-of-life | Wastes | Sustainable development | Fourier transform |
| Concrete | Information theory | Decommissioning | Viral disease | |
| Lithology | Innovation | Agile manufacturing systems | Waste management | |
| Mine wastes | Recycling | Building management | ||
| Waste | Sustainability | |||
| Phosphate mines | ||||
| Recycled aggregates | ||||
| Valorisation | ||||
| Waster absorption | ||||
| Porosity | ||||
| Mining |
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