Table 2.

Lifelong learner voices on self-regulated learning challenges and needs

IDChallenges and needsDesirable featuresDesirable subfeatures
Forethought phase: task analysis and self-motivation beliefs
C1Challenges in setting goals and planning. Need for having a comprehensive and engaging visualization dashboardUnderstanding the task, setting the goal and planningInformation and visualization of the: 1) general learning path and end goal; 2) task instruction and criteria
C2Challenges in exploring their motivational factors to set motivating goals and plans. Need for analytics and personalized recommendations based on own motivational factorsPersonalized recommendation based on the motivational factors analytics1) Learning interest; 2) initial level of capabilities; 3) outcome expectancies and goal orientation for future career
Performance phase: self-control and self-observation
C3Challenges in time management and task prioritization. Need for information dashboard, prompts and remindersTask and time management1) Information for time estimation, schedule and prioritization; 2) prompts to break down the goals; 3) reminder notifications for the target, task and deadline
C4Challenges to easily record and track the learning activities and progress to motivate performance. Need for various data to be recorded, tracked and feasibleReal-time monitoringRecording and tracking: 1) learning activities; 2) progress of learning goals; 3) enable to observe peer’s learning activities progress
C5Challenges in getting the required social support. Need for recommendations on whom and how to access them anytime they need, and support for psychological safetyHelp-seeking1) Recommendation and access for connecting to resourceful experts or peers; 2) function to support psychological safety
C6Challenges in regulating emotion and motivation. Need for analytics features for gamification and personalized motivational notificationsStimulating interests and excitement during learning1) Gamification elements; 2) personalized notification for motivational messages
C7Challenges in constructing new knowledge. Need for prompts and reminders to rehearse information and stimulate self-learningStrategy to rehearse knowledge1) Prompt and direct feedback to rehearse information; 2) stimulate self-learning; 3) reminders to review and revisit materials
Self-reflection phase: self-judgment and self-reaction
C8Challenges in self-evaluating objectively and comprehensively to keep being adaptive. Need for analytics dashboards and improvement recommendations based on multiple standardsSelf-evaluation analytics based on various standards and recommendations for adaptive improvements1) Certain targeted output criteria; 2) group performance without competition aspects; 3) own standards or track record; 4) review from the experts; 5) review from peers or other references; 6) recommendation on future improvement
Ethics and data preferences
C9Concern about sharing their personal data. Need for information on data privacy, transparency and securityTrustworthy information1) Data privacy; 2) data transparency; 3) data security
Source: By authors

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