Table 1.

The pillars of the GEDI model

Subindex (3As) PillarsIndividual variableInstitutional variable
Entrepreneurial attitudes (ATT)Opportunity perception Opportunity recognitionFreedom
Startup skills Skill perceptionEducation
Risk acceptance Risk perceptionCountry risk
Networking Knows entrepreneursAgglomeration
Cultural support Career statusCorruption
Entrepreneurial abilities (ABT) Opportunity startup Opportunity motivationGovernance
Technology absorption Technology levelTechnology absorption
Human capital Education levelLabor market
Competition CompetitorsCompetitivenes
Entrepreneurial aspirations (ASP) Product innovation New productTech transfer
Process innovation New technologyScience
High growth GazelleFinance and strategy
Internationalization ExportEconomic complexity
Risk capital Informal investmentDepth of capital market
Source: Acs et al. (2017) 
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