Table 1 Literature review summary... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Literature review summary

	Entrepreneurship ecosystems	Healthcare service ecosystems	Entrepreneurial HC service ecosystems- integrated view
Definition and Analysis Unit	Entrepreneurial ecosystems include framework conditions (formal institutions, culture, physical infrastructure, and demand), systemic conditions (networks, leadership, finance, talent, knowledge, and support services/intermediaries), outputs (entrepreneurial activity), and outcomes (aggregate value creation) (Stam, 2015; Stam and Spigel, 2016) A regional, geographic, cluster, or “place-based” view is common across studies (Spiegel, 2017; Neck et al., 2004; Mason and Brown, 2014)	Healthcare service ecosystems are a subset of service ecosystems as they are “relatively self-contained, self-adjusting systems of resource-integrating actors that are connected by shared institutional logics and mutual value creation” (Vargo and Lusch, 2016, p. 10–11) A regional view (Carr et al., 2004) is common	• Place-based view • Coordination of resources and actors • Aggregate or shared value creation
Actors	Entrepreneurial ventures keep the ecosystem healthy (Stam, 2015) Resource providers, especially venture capital firms, provide financial resources that support innovation, growth, and economic development (Acs et al., 2017) Other key actors include accelerators and policymakers	Agents in health services ecosystems include service providers and macro-level region/country-level actors (Furst et al., 2021; Brodie et al., 2021) Increased VC investment in healthcare service start-ups relates to a lack of public health investments (Yeager, 2022; Baker and Ivory, 2021), improved efficiencies (Xiao et al., 2023; Yi et al., 2023; Jacobson et al., 2015; Hathaway and Rothwell, 2015), and innovation (Hathaway and Rothwell, 2015; WHO, 2019; Klonoff et al., 2019)	• VC-funded healthcare service start-ups may be associated with the maintenance of the health outcomes of a region • Other actors, including investors, accelerators, and policymakers, are also participants
Outcomes	There is an overall theme of aggregate value creation with empirical evidence of entrepreneurial ventures’ impact on economic outcomes There is theoretical (but no empirical) evidence of entrepreneurial ventures’ impact on health outcomes (Wurth et al., 2022; Stam, 2015) and social welfare (Neumann, 2021)	There is a focus on co-created value regarding improved quality (reduction in medical errors), safety, clinical outcomes (e.g. target levels, life expectancy), reduced hospitalization, efficiency, and costs (Ciasullo et al., 2017a, b)	• Aggregate or shared value creation may include social welfare, including health outcomes

	Entrepreneurship ecosystems	Healthcare service ecosystems	Entrepreneurial HC service ecosystems- integrated view
Definition and Analysis Unit	Entrepreneurial ecosystems include framework conditions (formal institutions, culture, physical infrastructure, and demand), systemic conditions (networks, leadership, finance, talent, knowledge, and support services/intermediaries), outputs (entrepreneurial activity), and outcomes (aggregate value creation) (Stam, 2015; Stam and Spigel, 2016)A regional, geographic, cluster, or “place-based” view is common across studies (Spiegel, 2017; Neck et al., 2004; Mason and Brown, 2014)	Healthcare service ecosystems are a subset of service ecosystems as they are “relatively self-contained, self-adjusting systems of resource-integrating actors that are connected by shared institutional logics and mutual value creation” (Vargo and Lusch, 2016, p. 10–11)A regional view (Carr et al., 2004) is common	• Place-based view • Coordination of resources and actors • Aggregate or shared value creation
Actors	Entrepreneurial ventures keep the ecosystem healthy (Stam, 2015)Resource providers, especially venture capital firms, provide financial resources that support innovation, growth, and economic development (Acs et al., 2017)Other key actors include accelerators and policymakers	Agents in health services ecosystems include service providers and macro-level region/country-level actors (Furst et al., 2021; Brodie et al., 2021)Increased VC investment in healthcare service start-ups relates to a lack of public health investments (Yeager, 2022; Baker and Ivory, 2021), improved efficiencies (Xiao et al., 2023; Yi et al., 2023; Jacobson et al., 2015; Hathaway and Rothwell, 2015), and innovation (Hathaway and Rothwell, 2015; WHO, 2019; Klonoff et al., 2019)	• VC-funded healthcare service start-ups may be associated with the maintenance of the health outcomes of a region • Other actors, including investors, accelerators, and policymakers, are also participants
Outcomes	There is an overall theme of aggregate value creation with empirical evidence of entrepreneurial ventures’ impact on economic outcomesThere is theoretical (but no empirical) evidence of entrepreneurial ventures’ impact on health outcomes (Wurth et al., 2022; Stam, 2015) and social welfare (Neumann, 2021)	There is a focus on co-created value regarding improved quality (reduction in medical errors), safety, clinical outcomes (e.g. target levels, life expectancy), reduced hospitalization, efficiency, and costs (Ciasullo et al., 2017a, b)	• Aggregate or shared value creation may include social welfare, including health outcomes

Source(s): Author’s own creation/work