Summary statistics of entire sample and sub-samples W/O A VC-funded startups in healthcare services at year t
| Entire sample (full samplea n = 31876) | Did not have a startup at year t (n = 29758) | Had a startup at year t (n = 2118) | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or no. | Mean (SD) or no. | Mean (SD) or no. | ||
| Total n of VC-funded startups at t, mean (SD) | 0.59(3.85%) | 0.18(0.84%) | 7.67(14.19%) | <0.01 |
| Zero startup at t, No. (%) | 26990(85.64%) | 26990(90.70%) | 0(0.00%) | <0.01 |
| One startup at t, no. (%) | 2438(7.74%) | 1876(6.30%) | 562(32.00%) | <0.01 |
| Two to five startups at t, no. (%) | 1362(4.32%) | 742(2.49%) | 620(35.31%) | <0.01 |
| More than five startups at t, no. (%) | 724(2.30%) | 150(0.50%) | 574(32.69%) | <0.01 |
| Total n of innovative VC-funded startups at t, mean (SD) | 0.09 0.92%) | 0.02(0.18%) | 1.36(3.62%) | <0.01 |
| Zero innovative startup at t, no. (%) | 30384(96.41%) | 29338(98.59%) | 1046(59.57%) | <0.01 |
| One innovative startup at t, no. (%) | 693(2.20%) | 336(1.13%) | 357(20.33%) | <0.01 |
| Two to five innovative startups at t, no. (%) | 318(1.01%) | 82(0.28%) | 236(13.44%) | <0.01 |
| More than five innovative startups at t, no. (%) | 119(0.38%) | 2(0.01%) | 117(6.66%) | <0.01 |
| Health outcome variables, mean (SD) | ||||
| Percent of adults that report fair or poor health | 17.89(5.01%) | 18.04(5.04%) | 15.56(3.65%) | <0.01 |
| Avg. no. of physically unhealthy days per month | 4.00(0.76%) | 4.03(0.76%) | 3.62(0.56%) | <0.01 |
| Avg. no. of mentally unhealthy days per month | 4.04(0.71%) | 4.06(0.72%) | 3.81(0.53%) | <0.01 |
| Percent of adults aged 20 and above with diabetes | 11.44(2.89%) | 11.55(2.89%) | 9.56(2.22%) | <0.01 |
| HIV cases per 100,000 population (age 13 and older) | 187.15(228.08%) | 173.55(204.66%) | 365.59(388.39%) | <0.01 |
| Health factor variables, mean (SD) | ||||
| Percent of adults who are current smokers | 18.59(4.01%) | 18.78(3.96%) | 15.59(3.50%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. obese adults (age 20 and older) | 31.63(4.90%) | 31.90(4.77%) | 27.20(4.99%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. adults binge or heavy drinking in last 30 days | 17.44(3.39%) | 17.36(3.41%) | 18.62(2.88%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. uninsured adults (age 18 to 64) | 17.60(7.40%) | 17.73(7.41%) | 15.54(7.05%) | <0.01 |
| Preventable hospital stays (medicare enrollees)c | 1663.43(2464.59%) | 1675.64(2486.34%) | 1467.00(2074.46%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. mammography screening (medicare)d | 54.06(12.65%) | 53.92(12.69%) | 56.34(11.76%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. flu vaccination (medicare enrollees)e | 41.77(9.90%) | 41.39(9.94%) | 47.94(6.74%) | <0.01 |
| Hospital utilization variables, mean (SD) | ||||
| Rate of total inpatient days per personf | 0.62(1.22%) | 0.62(1.25%) | 0.74(0.60%) | <0.01 |
| Short-term general hospital inpatient rate | 0.52(0.96%) | 0.51(0.98%) | 0.60(0.52%) | <0.01 |
| Rate of total outpatient visit per persong | 2.53(3.38%) | 2.52(3.41%) | 2.71(2.71%) | <0.01 |
| Short-term general hospital outpatient visit rate | 2.45(3.33%) | 2.45(3.36%) | 2.49(2.59%) | 0.557 |
| Emergency department visit rate | 0.40(0.58%) | 0.40(0.59%) | 0.43(0.28%) | <0.01 |
| County-level characteristics, mean (SD) | ||||
| Poverty rate | 16.24(6.40%) | 16.41(6.43) | 13.41(5.20) | <0.01 |
| Unemployment rate | 6.25(2.91%) | 6.28(2.93) | 5.76(2.52) | <0.01 |
| Median household income | 48284.87(13062.37%) | 47438.90(12183.35%) | 62617.17(18144.49%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. population between 15 and 24 | 12.80(3.36%) | 12.75(3.38%) | 13.61(2.93%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. population between 25 and 44 | 23.44(3.22%) | 23.24(3.08%) | 26.83(3.73%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. population between 45 and 64 | 27.38(3.02%) | 27.46(3.02%) | 26.13(2.74%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. population 65 and above | 17.77(4.65%) | 17.96(4.60%) | 14.47(4.16%) | <0.01 |
| Health professional shortage area (HPSA), no. (%) | ||||
| None of the county designated as shortage | 3914(13.84%) | 3743(14.00%) | 171(11.15%) | <0.01 |
| Whole county designated as shortage | 9097(32.17%) | 8859(33.13%) | 238(15.51%) | <0.01 |
| One or more parts designated as shortage | 15263(53.98%) | 14138(52.87%) | 1125(73.34%) | <0.01 |
| Distribution by year, no. (%) | ||||
| Year 2010 | 3233(10.14%) | 3007(10.10%) | 226(10.67%) | 0.415 |
| Year 2011 | 3308(10.38%) | 2997(10.07%) | 311(14.68%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2012 | 3277(10.28%) | 2976(10.00%) | 301(14.21%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2013 | 3152(9.89%) | 2987(10.04%) | 165(7.79%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2014 | 3153(9.89%) | 2934(9.86%) | 219(10.34%) | 0.482 |
| Year 2015 | 3151(9.89%) | 2951(9.92%) | 200(9.44%) | 0.472 |
| Year 2016 | 3150(9.88%) | 2973(9.99%) | 177(8.36%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2017 | 3150(9.88%) | 2952(9.92%) | 198(9.35%) | 0.384 |
| Year 2018 | 3151(9.89%) | 2975(10.00%) | 176(8.31%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2019 | 3151(9.89%) | 3006(10.10%) | 145(6.85%) | <0.01 |
| Entire sample (full samplea | Did not have a startup at year | Had a startup at year | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or no. | Mean (SD) or no. | Mean (SD) or no. | ||
| 0.59(3.85%) | 0.18(0.84%) | 7.67(14.19%) | <0.01 | |
| Zero startup at | 26990(85.64%) | 26990(90.70%) | 0(0.00%) | <0.01 |
| One startup at | 2438(7.74%) | 1876(6.30%) | 562(32.00%) | <0.01 |
| Two to five startups at | 1362(4.32%) | 742(2.49%) | 620(35.31%) | <0.01 |
| More than five startups at | 724(2.30%) | 150(0.50%) | 574(32.69%) | <0.01 |
| 0.09 0.92%) | 0.02(0.18%) | 1.36(3.62%) | <0.01 | |
| Zero innovative startup at | 30384(96.41%) | 29338(98.59%) | 1046(59.57%) | <0.01 |
| One innovative startup at | 693(2.20%) | 336(1.13%) | 357(20.33%) | <0.01 |
| Two to five innovative startups at | 318(1.01%) | 82(0.28%) | 236(13.44%) | <0.01 |
| More than five innovative startups at | 119(0.38%) | 2(0.01%) | 117(6.66%) | <0.01 |
| Percent of adults that report fair or poor health | 17.89(5.01%) | 18.04(5.04%) | 15.56(3.65%) | <0.01 |
| Avg. no. of physically unhealthy days per month | 4.00(0.76%) | 4.03(0.76%) | 3.62(0.56%) | <0.01 |
| Avg. no. of mentally unhealthy days per month | 4.04(0.71%) | 4.06(0.72%) | 3.81(0.53%) | <0.01 |
| Percent of adults aged 20 and above with diabetes | 11.44(2.89%) | 11.55(2.89%) | 9.56(2.22%) | <0.01 |
| HIV cases per 100,000 population (age 13 and older) | 187.15(228.08%) | 173.55(204.66%) | 365.59(388.39%) | <0.01 |
| Percent of adults who are current smokers | 18.59(4.01%) | 18.78(3.96%) | 15.59(3.50%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. obese adults (age 20 and older) | 31.63(4.90%) | 31.90(4.77%) | 27.20(4.99%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. adults binge or heavy drinking in last 30 days | 17.44(3.39%) | 17.36(3.41%) | 18.62(2.88%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. uninsured adults (age 18 to 64) | 17.60(7.40%) | 17.73(7.41%) | 15.54(7.05%) | <0.01 |
| Preventable hospital stays (medicare enrollees)c | 1663.43(2464.59%) | 1675.64(2486.34%) | 1467.00(2074.46%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. mammography screening (medicare)d | 54.06(12.65%) | 53.92(12.69%) | 56.34(11.76%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. flu vaccination (medicare enrollees)e | 41.77(9.90%) | 41.39(9.94%) | 47.94(6.74%) | <0.01 |
| Rate of total inpatient days per personf | 0.62(1.22%) | 0.62(1.25%) | 0.74(0.60%) | <0.01 |
| Short-term general hospital inpatient rate | 0.52(0.96%) | 0.51(0.98%) | 0.60(0.52%) | <0.01 |
| Rate of total outpatient visit per persong | 2.53(3.38%) | 2.52(3.41%) | 2.71(2.71%) | <0.01 |
| Short-term general hospital outpatient visit rate | 2.45(3.33%) | 2.45(3.36%) | 2.49(2.59%) | 0.557 |
| Emergency department visit rate | 0.40(0.58%) | 0.40(0.59%) | 0.43(0.28%) | <0.01 |
| Poverty rate | 16.24(6.40%) | 16.41(6.43) | 13.41(5.20) | <0.01 |
| Unemployment rate | 6.25(2.91%) | 6.28(2.93) | 5.76(2.52) | <0.01 |
| Median household income | 48284.87(13062.37%) | 47438.90(12183.35%) | 62617.17(18144.49%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. population between 15 and 24 | 12.80(3.36%) | 12.75(3.38%) | 13.61(2.93%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. population between 25 and 44 | 23.44(3.22%) | 23.24(3.08%) | 26.83(3.73%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. population between 45 and 64 | 27.38(3.02%) | 27.46(3.02%) | 26.13(2.74%) | <0.01 |
| Pct. population 65 and above | 17.77(4.65%) | 17.96(4.60%) | 14.47(4.16%) | <0.01 |
| None of the county designated as shortage | 3914(13.84%) | 3743(14.00%) | 171(11.15%) | <0.01 |
| Whole county designated as shortage | 9097(32.17%) | 8859(33.13%) | 238(15.51%) | <0.01 |
| One or more parts designated as shortage | 15263(53.98%) | 14138(52.87%) | 1125(73.34%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2010 | 3233(10.14%) | 3007(10.10%) | 226(10.67%) | 0.415 |
| Year 2011 | 3308(10.38%) | 2997(10.07%) | 311(14.68%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2012 | 3277(10.28%) | 2976(10.00%) | 301(14.21%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2013 | 3152(9.89%) | 2987(10.04%) | 165(7.79%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2014 | 3153(9.89%) | 2934(9.86%) | 219(10.34%) | 0.482 |
| Year 2015 | 3151(9.89%) | 2951(9.92%) | 200(9.44%) | 0.472 |
| Year 2016 | 3150(9.88%) | 2973(9.99%) | 177(8.36%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2017 | 3150(9.88%) | 2952(9.92%) | 198(9.35%) | 0.384 |
| Year 2018 | 3151(9.89%) | 2975(10.00%) | 176(8.31%) | <0.01 |
| Year 2019 | 3151(9.89%) | 3006(10.10%) | 145(6.85%) | <0.01 |
Note(s): aSample size changes depending on the health variables. Reported here is the maximum sample size
bp-values from t tests on differences between counties without or with any VC-Funded Startups at year t
cRate of hospital stays for ambulatory-care sensitive conditions per 100,000 Medicare enrollees
dPercentage of female Medicare enrollees ages 65–74 that received an annual mammography screening
ePercentage of fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare enrollees that had an annual flu vaccination
fTotal inpatient days of short-term general, short-term non-general, long-term, and Veterans hospitals. Inpatient days are the no. of adult and pediatric days of care, excluding newborn days of care, rendered during the entire reporting period. Neonatal and swing admissions are included
gTotal outpatient visits for short-term general, short-term non-general, long-term, and Veterans hospitals. It consists of emergency visits, other visits (including clinic and referred visits), and total visits. An outpatient visit is defined as a visit by a patient not lodged in the hospital while receiving medical, dental, or other services. Each visit an outpatient makes to a discrete unit constitutes one visit regardless of the no. of diagnostic and/or therapeutic treatments that the patient receives
Source(s): Author’s own creation/work