Second stage estimation – household consumption behavior
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A | Food at home | Alcohol | Clothes | House rent | House investments | Health | Car value | Transport |
| Log expenditures | 0.725*** (14.75) | 0.505*** (4.68) | 0.684*** (7.06) | 0.979*** (18.27) | 1.037*** (15.09) | 0.453*** (4.17) | −0.571*** (−6.19) | 0.549*** (6.34) |
| Household controls | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Elasticity test | 31.42 | 21.14 | 10.62 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 25.31 | 290.31 | 26.98 |
| p-value | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.6893 | 0.5903 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| N | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 |
| R-squared | 0.831 | 0.517 | 0.612 | 0.874 | 0.802 | 0.506 | 0.211 | 0.693 |
| Panel B | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) |
| Communication | Leisure | Education | Food out home | Holidays | Savings | Durables | Nondurables | |
| Log expenditures | 1.101*** (16.13) | 1.009*** (10.80) | 0.406*** (3.85) | 0.870*** (9.69) | 0.146(1.29) | −0.294** (−2.62) | 1.147*** (17.99) | 0.926*** (15.89) |
| Household controls | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Elasticity test | 2.21 | 0.01 | 31.66 | 2.11 | 56.87 | 132.75 | 5.31 | 1.62 |
| p-value | 0.1372 | 0.9249 | 0.0000 | 0.1464 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0213 | 0.2025 |
| N | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 |
| R-squared | 0.814 | 0.633 | 0.331 | 0.675 | 0.346 | 0.390 | 0.867 | 0.855 |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A | Food at home | Alcohol | Clothes | House rent | House investments | Health | Car value | Transport |
| Log expenditures | 0.725 | 0.505 | 0.684 | 0.979 | 1.037 | 0.453 | −0.571 | 0.549 |
| Household controls | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Elasticity test | 31.42 | 21.14 | 10.62 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 25.31 | 290.31 | 26.98 |
| | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.6893 | 0.5903 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | |
| 0.831 | 0.517 | 0.612 | 0.874 | 0.802 | 0.506 | 0.211 | 0.693 | |
| Panel B | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) |
| Communication | Leisure | Education | Food out home | Holidays | Savings | Durables | Nondurables | |
| Log expenditures | 1.101 | 1.009 | 0.406 | 0.870 | 0.146(1.29) | −0.294 | 1.147 | 0.926 |
| Household controls | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Elasticity test | 2.21 | 0.01 | 31.66 | 2.11 | 56.87 | 132.75 | 5.31 | 1.62 |
| | 0.1372 | 0.9249 | 0.0000 | 0.1464 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0213 | 0.2025 |
| 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | 211,096 | |
| 0.814 | 0.633 | 0.331 | 0.675 | 0.346 | 0.390 | 0.867 | 0.855 |
Sources: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). Our dependent variables are the logarithm of consumption expenditures of each good category. The log expenditures coefficient reports the estimates for total household expenditures, instrumented using win_region and lottery × win_region as instrumental variables in the first stage regression. This coefficient captures the elasticity effect of total household expenditures on household consumption expenditures for the different types of goods analyzed. All specifications include both year and region fixed-effects. Moreover, we also control for the age of the head of the household and its square, the marital status of the head of the household and his/her educational level, employment status and whether he/she is retired or not. In addition, we control for the logarithm of lottery expenditures per region and the regional log-GDP as demographic controls. We compute robust standard errors. t-statistics in parentheses: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001. A full set of estimates is available in Table A5 of the Appendix of this paper. The reported elasticity test examines the elasticity effect of expenditures toward household consumption, in words, whether the estimates are different from one
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