Subjectively-viewed leadership skill change across student groups
| Sample | Percent of students in each response category | Mean | n | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Much | Weaker | No | Stronger | Much | |||
| Weaker | Change | Stronger | |||||
| Full | 0.3 | 1.7 | 24.4 | 48.7 | 24.9 | 3.964 | 433,758 |
| Female | 0.2 | 1.8 | 25.7 | 48.5 | 23.8 | 3.940 | 271,099 |
| Male | 0.3 | 1.5 | 22.2 | 49.2 | 26.8 | 4.005 | 162,659 |
| White | 0.5 | 1.8 | 25.7 | 45.7 | 26.3 | 3.967 | 347,873 |
| African-American | 0.3 | 1.2 | 21.0 | 46.2 | 31.2 | 4.068 | 27,327 |
| Hispanic | 0.5 | 1.8 | 26.0 | 45.8 | 25.9 | 3.949 | 14,748 |
| Other racial identity | 0.7 | 2.3 | 28.5 | 45.2 | 23.3 | 3.883 | 43,810 |
| First-generation students | 0.2 | 1.4 | 25.3 | 49.2 | 23.8 | 3.951 | 40,773 |
| Not first-generation | 0.3 | 1.7 | 24.3 | 48.7 | 25.1 | 3.965 | 392,985 |
| International students | 0.4 | 2.0 | 26.0 | 47.3 | 24.2 | 3.928 | 5,205 |
| Domestic students | 0.3 | 1.7 | 24.4 | 48.8 | 24.9 | 3.964 | 428,553 |
| Public institution | 0.3 | 1.8 | 31.1 | 46.4 | 20.4 | 3.848 | 91,957 |
| Private institution | 0.3 | 1.6 | 22.6 | 49.4 | 26.1 | 3.995 | 341,801 |
| College students | 0.3 | 1.4 | 23.2 | 49.2 | 25.9 | 3.991 | 331,825 |
| University students | 0.3 | 2.5 | 28.1 | 47.4 | 21.7 | 3.877 | 101,933 |
| Region: East | 0.3 | 1.5 | 24.9 | 48.8 | 24.6 | 3.959 | 156,146 |
| Region: Midwest | 0.2 | 1.8 | 22.5 | 50.8 | 24.7 | 3.981 | 126,655 |
| Region: South | 0.3 | 2.0 | 26.2 | 46.7 | 24.8 | 3.938 | 61,930 |
| Region: West | 0.3 | 1.7 | 25.0 | 47.1 | 25.9 | 3.967 | 89,027 |
| GPA: 3.75–4.00 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 23.1 | 49.0 | 26.2 | 3.994 | 67,864 |
| GPA: 3.25–3.74 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 23.2 | 49.0 | 26.0 | 3.989 | 168,653 |
| GPA: 2.75–3.24 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 24.3 | 48.9 | 24.8 | 3.963 | 134,990 |
| GPA: 2.25–2.74 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 27.3 | 48.4 | 22.1 | 3.901 | 50,491 |
| GPA: 1.75–2.24 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 34.9 | 44.7 | 17.6 | 3.767 | 10,708 |
| GPA: below 1.75 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 49.2 | 34.7 | 9.4 | 3.433 | 1,052 |
| Leadership class(es) or training | 0.1 | 0.8 | 7.6 | 43.5 | 48.0 | 4.384 | 77,643 |
| No such class or training | 0.3 | 1.9 | 28.1 | 49.9 | 19.9 | 3.872 | 356,115 |
| Sample | Percent of students in each response category | Mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Much | Weaker | No | Stronger | Much | |||
| Weaker | Change | Stronger | |||||
| Full | 0.3 | 1.7 | 24.4 | 48.7 | 24.9 | 3.964 | 433,758 |
| Female | 0.2 | 1.8 | 25.7 | 48.5 | 23.8 | 3.940 | 271,099 |
| Male | 0.3 | 1.5 | 22.2 | 49.2 | 26.8 | 4.005 | 162,659 |
| White | 0.5 | 1.8 | 25.7 | 45.7 | 26.3 | 3.967 | 347,873 |
| African-American | 0.3 | 1.2 | 21.0 | 46.2 | 31.2 | 4.068 | 27,327 |
| Hispanic | 0.5 | 1.8 | 26.0 | 45.8 | 25.9 | 3.949 | 14,748 |
| Other racial identity | 0.7 | 2.3 | 28.5 | 45.2 | 23.3 | 3.883 | 43,810 |
| First-generation students | 0.2 | 1.4 | 25.3 | 49.2 | 23.8 | 3.951 | 40,773 |
| Not first-generation | 0.3 | 1.7 | 24.3 | 48.7 | 25.1 | 3.965 | 392,985 |
| International students | 0.4 | 2.0 | 26.0 | 47.3 | 24.2 | 3.928 | 5,205 |
| Domestic students | 0.3 | 1.7 | 24.4 | 48.8 | 24.9 | 3.964 | 428,553 |
| Public institution | 0.3 | 1.8 | 31.1 | 46.4 | 20.4 | 3.848 | 91,957 |
| Private institution | 0.3 | 1.6 | 22.6 | 49.4 | 26.1 | 3.995 | 341,801 |
| College students | 0.3 | 1.4 | 23.2 | 49.2 | 25.9 | 3.991 | 331,825 |
| University students | 0.3 | 2.5 | 28.1 | 47.4 | 21.7 | 3.877 | 101,933 |
| Region: East | 0.3 | 1.5 | 24.9 | 48.8 | 24.6 | 3.959 | 156,146 |
| Region: Midwest | 0.2 | 1.8 | 22.5 | 50.8 | 24.7 | 3.981 | 126,655 |
| Region: South | 0.3 | 2.0 | 26.2 | 46.7 | 24.8 | 3.938 | 61,930 |
| Region: West | 0.3 | 1.7 | 25.0 | 47.1 | 25.9 | 3.967 | 89,027 |
| GPA: 3.75–4.00 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 23.1 | 49.0 | 26.2 | 3.994 | 67,864 |
| GPA: 3.25–3.74 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 23.2 | 49.0 | 26.0 | 3.989 | 168,653 |
| GPA: 2.75–3.24 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 24.3 | 48.9 | 24.8 | 3.963 | 134,990 |
| GPA: 2.25–2.74 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 27.3 | 48.4 | 22.1 | 3.901 | 50,491 |
| GPA: 1.75–2.24 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 34.9 | 44.7 | 17.6 | 3.767 | 10,708 |
| GPA: below 1.75 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 49.2 | 34.7 | 9.4 | 3.433 | 1,052 |
| Leadership class(es) or training | 0.1 | 0.8 | 7.6 | 43.5 | 48.0 | 4.384 | 77,643 |
| No such class or training | 0.3 | 1.9 | 28.1 | 49.9 | 19.9 | 3.872 | 356,115 |
Note(s): Overall n = 433,758. Institutions participating in survey = 619. Data come from the CIRP
Source(s): Table by authors
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