Estimated effects on leadership skill change
| Variable | Model | |
|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | |
| Joined fraternity or sorority | 1.19*** (0.01) | 1.23*** (0.01) |
| Played intercollegiate sports | 1.31*** (0.01) | 1.25*** (0.01) |
| Played intramural sports | 1.25*** (0.01) | 1.21*** (0.01) |
| Graduating GPA | 1.16*** (0.01) | 1.05*** (0.01) |
| Frequently studied with other students | 1.34*** (0.01) | 1.37*** (0.01) |
| Tutored other students | 1.42*** (0.03) | 1.35*** (0.02) |
| Frequent group assignments | 1.29*** (0.01) | 1.28*** (0.01) |
| Student office | 1.85*** (0.02) | 1.85*** (0.02) |
| Leadership class(es) or training | 2.99*** (0.02) | 3.00*** (0.02) |
| Internship participant | 1.75*** (0.03) | 1.76*** (0.03) |
| Hours/week student clubs | 1.08*** (0.00) | 1.08*** (0.00) |
| Private institution | 1.21*** (0.01) | n/a |
| University | 0.77*** (0.01) | n/a |
| Major | ||
| Agriculture | 1.03 (0.04) | 1.01 (0.04) |
| Biological sciences | 0.75*** (0.01) | 0.76*** (0.01) |
| Business | 1.29*** (0.01) | 1.26*** (0.01) |
| Education | 1.12*** (0.01) | 1.17*** (0.01) |
| Engineering | 0.87*** (0.01) | 0.81*** (0.01) |
| English | 0.86*** (0.01) | 0.86*** (0.01) |
| Health or medicine | 1.06*** (0.02) | 1.10*** (0.02) |
| History | 1.00 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.01) |
| Political science | 1.20*** (0.02) | 1.19*** (0.02) |
| Humanities | 1.07*** (0.02) | 1.06*** (0.02) |
| Fine arts | 0.90*** (0.01) | 0.91*** (0.01) |
| Math or statistics | 0.73*** (0.02) | 0.71*** (0.02) |
| Physical sciences | 0.70*** (0.02) | 0.68*** (0.01) |
| Social sciences | 0.93*** (0.01) | 0.95*** (0.01) |
| Control level | ||
| Control variables | Yes | Yes |
| School fixed effects | No | Yes |
| Variable | Model | |
|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | |
| Joined fraternity or sorority | 1.19*** (0.01) | 1.23*** (0.01) |
| Played intercollegiate sports | 1.31*** (0.01) | 1.25*** (0.01) |
| Played intramural sports | 1.25*** (0.01) | 1.21*** (0.01) |
| Graduating GPA | 1.16*** (0.01) | 1.05*** (0.01) |
| Frequently studied with other students | 1.34*** (0.01) | 1.37*** (0.01) |
| Tutored other students | 1.42*** (0.03) | 1.35*** (0.02) |
| Frequent group assignments | 1.29*** (0.01) | 1.28*** (0.01) |
| Student office | 1.85*** (0.02) | 1.85*** (0.02) |
| Leadership class(es) or training | 2.99*** (0.02) | 3.00*** (0.02) |
| Internship participant | 1.75*** (0.03) | 1.76*** (0.03) |
| Hours/week student clubs | 1.08*** (0.00) | 1.08*** (0.00) |
| Private institution | 1.21*** (0.01) | n/a |
| University | 0.77*** (0.01) | n/a |
| Agriculture | 1.03 (0.04) | 1.01 (0.04) |
| Biological sciences | 0.75*** (0.01) | 0.76*** (0.01) |
| Business | 1.29*** (0.01) | 1.26*** (0.01) |
| Education | 1.12*** (0.01) | 1.17*** (0.01) |
| Engineering | 0.87*** (0.01) | 0.81*** (0.01) |
| English | 0.86*** (0.01) | 0.86*** (0.01) |
| Health or medicine | 1.06*** (0.02) | 1.10*** (0.02) |
| History | 1.00 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.01) |
| Political science | 1.20*** (0.02) | 1.19*** (0.02) |
| Humanities | 1.07*** (0.02) | 1.06*** (0.02) |
| Fine arts | 0.90*** (0.01) | 0.91*** (0.01) |
| Math or statistics | 0.73*** (0.02) | 0.71*** (0.02) |
| Physical sciences | 0.70*** (0.02) | 0.68*** (0.01) |
| Social sciences | 0.93*** (0.01) | 0.95*** (0.01) |
| Control variables | Yes | Yes |
| School fixed effects | No | Yes |
Note(s): Values are odds ratios with standard errors in parentheses. *p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01. See Table 4 and Section 3 for controls. n = 433,758
Source(s): Tables by authors
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