Table 5. A framework for gamified... | Emerald Publishing

Table 5.

A framework for gamified immersive safety training experience: Overarching categories and themes

Overarching category	Theme	Empirical example (representative extract)	Mapping to Literature
Pull and push experience	1. Trigger motivating interest	It felt like a game but still encouraging to learn the training objectives! The feeling was very different though because I did not have to move much but just use the fire extinguisher. (P1)	Creating arousal (Hoang et al., 2021) Inducing ‘activation’ (Jacobsen et al., 2022)
Pull and push experience	5. Elicit curiosity and uncertainty	The discovering of the unknown […] they like exploring new things without getting injured or facing real consequences of their actions. (P10)	Suspense (Luo et al., 2023) Uncertainty (Ramstorfer et al., 2022)
Flow experience	2. Mediate a safe space	It was safe to know that I can do plenty of mistakes without getting hurt in this safe space. (P3)	Sense of safety (Seo et al., 2021) Feeling safe (Haj-Bolouri et al.2023a, 2023b)
	3. Emulate safety awareness	What we want is to give the employees a chance to be playful and do the things they usually don’t during fire safety training, so it gives them an increased awareness of their surroundings and objectives without forcing it upon them in a stressful way. (P9)	Feel in control (Chen et al., 2021) Freedom (Gauthier et al., 2022)
	4. Clarify training goals	I felt motivated with clear goals due to the fear of losing and through the happiness I felt when I achieved it. (P6)	Goal as an essential aspect (Roofigari-Esfahan et al., 2022)
Integrating experience	6. Highlight progress and evaluation	I mean it is like the motivation to achieve a goal, or like winning in a game, whereas losing the game means failing the exercise. But in the end, it is like a game, I can retry and once I achieve the goal it results in some sort of happiness. (P6)	Multimodal timely feedback (Staneva et al., 2023) Affirmation (Mas et al., 2018)
Integrating experience	7. Connect to the workplace	The VR training is simply a way to connect with our workplace tasks on a train but without becoming too bored through mere theory about fire training. (P8)	Connecting to the learning at the workplace is seen as an essential aspect of simulations and immersive safety training (Abbas et al., 2023; Babalola et al., 2023)

Overarching category	Theme	Empirical example (representative extract)	Mapping to Literature
Pull and push experience	1.Trigger motivating interest	It felt like a game but still encouraging to learn the training objectives! The feeling was very different though because I did not have to move much but just use the fire extinguisher. (P1)	Creating arousal (Hoang et al., 2021)Inducing ‘activation’ (Jacobsen et al., 2022)
Pull and push experience	5.Elicit curiosity and uncertainty	The discovering of the unknown […] they like exploring new things without getting injured or facing real consequences of their actions. (P10)	Suspense (Luo et al., 2023)Uncertainty (Ramstorfer et al., 2022)
Flow experience	2.Mediate a safe space	It was safe to know that I can do plenty of mistakes without getting hurt in this safe space. (P3)	Sense of safety (Seo et al., 2021)Feeling safe (Haj-Bolouri et al.2023a, 2023b)
	3.Emulate safety awareness	What we want is to give the employees a chance to be playful and do the things they usually don’t during fire safety training, so it gives them an increased awareness of their surroundings and objectives without forcing it upon them in a stressful way. (P9)	Feel in control (Chen et al., 2021)Freedom (Gauthier et al., 2022)
	4.Clarify training goals	I felt motivated with clear goals due to the fear of losing and through the happiness I felt when I achieved it. (P6)	Goal as an essential aspect (Roofigari-Esfahan et al., 2022)
Integrating experience	6.Highlight progress and evaluation	I mean it is like the motivation to achieve a goal, or like winning in a game, whereas losing the game means failing the exercise. But in the end, it is like a game, I can retry and once I achieve the goal it results in some sort of happiness. (P6)	Multimodal timely feedback (Staneva et al., 2023)Affirmation (Mas et al., 2018)
Integrating experience	7.Connect to the workplace	The VR training is simply a way to connect with our workplace tasks on a train but without becoming too bored through mere theory about fire training. (P8)	Connecting to the learning at the workplace is seen as an essential aspect of simulations and immersive safety training (Abbas et al., 2023; Babalola et al., 2023)

Source: Authors’ own work