Table 2 Measurement model evaluation...

Table 2

Measurement model evaluation results

Constructs	Indicators	Item	Mean	Std. dev	VIF	Construct reliability and validity
Constructs	Indicators	Item	Mean	Std. dev	VIF	α	rho_A	CR	AVE
Proactivity (PR)	We excel at identifying opportunities and market needs	PR1	4.34	1.83	2.11	0.84	0.85	0.89	0.68
	We initiate actions to which other organizations respond	PR2	4.54	1.65	1.79
	We search for new opportunities more intensively than our competitors do	PR3	3.75	1.53	2.20
	We always try to take the initiative in each situation	PR4	3.75	1.37	2.27
Innovation (IN)	Our organization seeks out new ways to do things	IN1	4.73	1.37	1.33	0.74	0.77	0.83	0.56
	We actively introduce improvements and innovations in our organization	IN2	3.69	1.63	1.74
	Innovation is the source of our success	IN3	4.13	1.49	2.02
	Relative to competing products, those of our business are more innovative	IN4	4.42	1.72	1.35
Digitalization (DIG)	We use many digital solutions in our activities	DIG1	2.55	1.53	1.70	0.89	0.89	0.92	0.69
	We are more digitalized than our competitors are	DIG2	2.82	1.48	2.68
	Our results are improving due to digitalization	DIG3	3.14	1.53	4.52
	Digitalization has enabled us to significantly improve our operation	DIG4	3.45	1.72	4.20
	We are advanced in terms of the digitalization process	DIG5	2.98	1.62	1.92
Market performance (MP)	Relative to competing products, our products are more successful in terms of sales	MP1	3.97	1.50	2.20	0.84	0.86	0.89	0.68
	Relative to competing products, those of our business achieve and maintain a higher market share	MP2	3.01	1.44	2.48
	Relative to our competitors, our income is greater	MP3	2.87	1.40	2.75
	Relative to our competitors, our profit is greater	MP4	3.23	1.23	2.44
Firm growth (FG)	Our market recognizability has increased this year	FG1	3.94	1.15	1.58	0.86	0.87	0.9	0.7
	Our income has increased	FG2	3.75	1.19	4.79
	Our profitability has increased	FG3	3.40	1.12	4.84
	Our business has grown faster than those of our competitors	FG4	3.39	1.09	1.63

Constructs	Indicators	Item	Mean	Std. dev	VIF	Construct reliability and validity
Constructs	Indicators	Item	Mean	Std. dev	VIF	α	rho_A	CR	AVE
Proactivity (PR)	We excel at identifying opportunities and market needs	PR1	4.34	1.83	2.11	0.84	0.85	0.89	0.68
	We initiate actions to which other organizations respond	PR2	4.54	1.65	1.79
	We search for new opportunities more intensively than our competitors do	PR3	3.75	1.53	2.20
	We always try to take the initiative in each situation	PR4	3.75	1.37	2.27
Innovation (IN)	Our organization seeks out new ways to do things	IN1	4.73	1.37	1.33	0.74	0.77	0.83	0.56
	We actively introduce improvements and innovations in our organization	IN2	3.69	1.63	1.74
	Innovation is the source of our success	IN3	4.13	1.49	2.02
	Relative to competing products, those of our business are more innovative	IN4	4.42	1.72	1.35
Digitalization (DIG)	We use many digital solutions in our activities	DIG1	2.55	1.53	1.70	0.89	0.89	0.92	0.69
	We are more digitalized than our competitors are	DIG2	2.82	1.48	2.68
	Our results are improving due to digitalization	DIG3	3.14	1.53	4.52
	Digitalization has enabled us to significantly improve our operation	DIG4	3.45	1.72	4.20
	We are advanced in terms of the digitalization process	DIG5	2.98	1.62	1.92
Market performance (MP)	Relative to competing products, our products are more successful in terms of sales	MP1	3.97	1.50	2.20	0.84	0.86	0.89	0.68
	Relative to competing products, those of our business achieve and maintain a higher market share	MP2	3.01	1.44	2.48
	Relative to our competitors, our income is greater	MP3	2.87	1.40	2.75
	Relative to our competitors, our profit is greater	MP4	3.23	1.23	2.44
Firm growth (FG)	Our market recognizability has increased this year	FG1	3.94	1.15	1.58	0.86	0.87	0.9	0.7
	Our income has increased	FG2	3.75	1.19	4.79
	Our profitability has increased	FG3	3.40	1.12	4.84
	Our business has grown faster than those of our competitors	FG4	3.39	1.09	1.63

Note(s): α = Cronbach’s alpha; CR = composite reliability; AVE = average variance extracted; rho_A = reliability coefficient; VIF = variance inflation factor

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