Table 6 Aligning I4.0 MMs levels to the... | Emerald Publishing

Table 6

Aligning I4.0 MMs levels to the stages of reference architecture models for I4.0

I4.0 MMs Level/Stage	Standard reference architecture model
I4.0 MMs Level/Stage	RAMI4.0 from RAMI4.0 layers perspective (Adolphs et al., 2015)	NIST-SME (Lu et al., 2016)	IMSA from the perspective of IMSA intelligent features (MIIT; SAC, 2021)	IIRA from the perspective of IIRA crosscutting functions (Lin et al., 2022)	IVRA (Industrial Value Chain Initiative, 2018)
Level 0 /Stage 0	Focuses on the foundational aspects of asset integration and connectivity	NIST-SME provides an ecosystem consisting of applications of methods and tools (CAD, CAM, PLM, etc.) in different stages of product development, production and supply chain NIST-SME does not provide an architecture that can be used as a pathway to a higher degree of I4.0 implementation	Focuses on basic connectivity and data collection at the foundational level	Focuses on connectivity to complete functionality at the system level	IVRA consists of three independent layers based on different perspectives, including: business, activity and specification layers As those layers are considered to supplement one another, IVRA does not provide an architecture that can be used as a pathway of I4.0 implementation
Level 1 /Stage 1	Asset and information integration		Interconnection	Distributed data management
Level 1 /Stage 1	Advances asset integration and initial technology adoption Enhances information integration		Advances the integration of assets and focuses on connectivity	Management of distributed data through data interoperability (syntax and semantic interoperability)
Level 2 /Stage 2	Functional and business integration		Fusion and sharing for big data	Industrial analytics
Level 2 /Stage 2	Advances in functional integration, focusing on automation and control systems Shifts the focus to service integration and autonomy, including coordination of services within the functional integration		Utilizes data analytics for improved decision-making Includes emerging business pattern	Implements data analytics for deriving insights Develops adaptive systems in response to data-driven insights
Level 3 /Stage 3			System integration for intelligent manufacturing and Emerging business pattern.	Intelligent and resilience control
Level 3 /Stage 3			System integration for intelligent manufacturing systems Achieves smart manufacturing with advanced analytics and data-driven decision-making, e.g. diagnosis, prediction and decision-making, supporting the virtual-real iterative optimization based on data	Establishes an intelligent ecosystem with self-optimizing, autonomous systems
Level 4 /Stage 4

I4.0 MMs Level/Stage	Standard reference architecture model
I4.0 MMs Level/Stage	RAMI4.0 from RAMI4.0 layers perspective (Adolphs et al., 2015)	NIST-SME (Lu et al., 2016)	IMSA from the perspective of IMSA intelligent features (MIIT; SAC, 2021)	IIRA from the perspective of IIRA crosscutting functions (Lin et al., 2022)	IVRA (Industrial Value Chain Initiative, 2018)
Level 0 /Stage 0	Focuses on the foundational aspects of asset integration and connectivity	NIST-SME provides an ecosystem consisting of applications of methods and tools (CAD, CAM, PLM, etc.) in different stages of product development, production and supply chain NIST-SME does not provide an architecture that can be used as a pathway to a higher degree of I4.0 implementation	Focuses on basic connectivity and data collection at the foundational level	Focuses on connectivity to complete functionality at the system level	IVRA consists of three independent layers based on different perspectives, including: business, activity and specification layers As those layers are considered to supplement one another, IVRA does not provide an architecture that can be used as a pathway of I4.0 implementation
Level 1 /Stage 1	Asset and information integration		Interconnection	Distributed data management
Level 1 /Stage 1	Advances asset integration and initial technology adoption Enhances information integration		Advances the integration of assets and focuses on connectivity	Management of distributed data through data interoperability (syntax and semantic interoperability)
Level 2 /Stage 2	Functional and business integration		Fusion and sharing for big data	Industrial analytics
Level 2 /Stage 2	Advances in functional integration, focusing on automation and control systems Shifts the focus to service integration and autonomy, including coordination of services within the functional integration		Utilizes data analytics for improved decision-making Includes emerging business pattern	Implements data analytics for deriving insights Develops adaptive systems in response to data-driven insights
Level 3 /Stage 3			System integration for intelligent manufacturing and Emerging business pattern.	Intelligent and resilience control
Level 3 /Stage 3			System integration for intelligent manufacturing systems Achieves smart manufacturing with advanced analytics and data-driven decision-making, e.g. diagnosis, prediction and decision-making, supporting the virtual-real iterative optimization based on data	Establishes an intelligent ecosystem with self-optimizing, autonomous systems
Level 4 /Stage 4

Source(s): Authors’ work