Table 1 Constructs, reliability and...

Table 1

Constructs, reliability and validity tests

Construct	Item	Item description	Factor loadings n = 105/388	Source
Ease-of-use barrier-breaker
	EBB1	Digital transactions are easy to conduct	0.932/0.924	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	EBB2	It is easy to learn to use DPMs	0.932/0.924	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
Usefulness barrier-breaker
	UBB1	DPMs are more convenient to use than cash	0.844/0.838	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	UBB2	Digital transactions can be made quickly	0.844/0.838	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	UBB3	I will not regret if cash disappears as payment method	n/a*	Based on Thomas et al. (2016)
Social influence barrier-breaker
	SIBB1	People in my environment believe I should use only DPMs	n/a*	Venkatesh et al. (2003)
	SIBB2	Using DPMs gives me higher status than cash	0.769/0.709	Venkatesh et al. (2003)
	SIBB3	I pay with DPMs if my friends also do that	0.728/0.796	Modified from Venkatesh et al. (2003)
	SIBB4	Public opinion affects my choice of payment methods	0.692/0.726	Based on Rivera (2019)
Credibility barrier-breaker
	CBB1	I rely on DPMs	0.831/0.886	Pennington et al. (2003)
	CBB2	Applied security measures are good enough to allow me to make digital transactions in a desired way	0.868/0.885	Pennington et al. (2003)
	CBB3	DPMs are officially (i.e. publicly) accepted	0.777/0.620	Pennington et al. (2003)
Impersonalization barrier
	IB1	Waiting time is long in tele- or chat queues	0.637/0.720	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	IB2	I find personal customer service more pleasant than self-service alternatives	0.588/0.793	Modified (reversed) from Laukkanen (2016)
	IB3	Chatbots give better service than do bank employees	n/a*	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	IB4	The lack of personal contact is an obstacle to relying on DPMs	0.774/0.756	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	IB5	I buy more when paying with DPMs	n/a*	Modified from Lachance (2012)
	IB6	I want to have the possibility to choose between bank employees and chatbots if in need of support	0.707/0.642	Modified from van der Cruijsen et al. (2017)
Intention to fully adopt DPMs	INT1	I plan to use only DPMs in the future	n/a	Modified from Chaouali et al. (2017)

Construct	Item	Item description	Factor loadings n = 105/388	Source
Ease-of-use barrier-breaker
	EBB1	Digital transactions are easy to conduct	0.932/0.924	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	EBB2	It is easy to learn to use DPMs	0.932/0.924	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
Usefulness barrier-breaker
	UBB1	DPMs are more convenient to use than cash	0.844/0.838	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	UBB2	Digital transactions can be made quickly	0.844/0.838	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	UBB3	I will not regret if cash disappears as payment method	n/a*	Based on Thomas et al. (2016)
Social influence barrier-breaker
	SIBB1	People in my environment believe I should use only DPMs	n/a*	Venkatesh et al. (2003)
	SIBB2	Using DPMs gives me higher status than cash	0.769/0.709	Venkatesh et al. (2003)
	SIBB3	I pay with DPMs if my friends also do that	0.728/0.796	Modified from Venkatesh et al. (2003)
	SIBB4	Public opinion affects my choice of payment methods	0.692/0.726	Based on Rivera (2019)
Credibility barrier-breaker
	CBB1	I rely on DPMs	0.831/0.886	Pennington et al. (2003)
	CBB2	Applied security measures are good enough to allow me to make digital transactions in a desired way	0.868/0.885	Pennington et al. (2003)
	CBB3	DPMs are officially (i.e. publicly) accepted	0.777/0.620	Pennington et al. (2003)
Impersonalization barrier
	IB1	Waiting time is long in tele- or chat queues	0.637/0.720	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	IB2	I find personal customer service more pleasant than self-service alternatives	0.588/0.793	Modified (reversed) from Laukkanen (2016)
	IB3	Chatbots give better service than do bank employees	n/a*	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	IB4	The lack of personal contact is an obstacle to relying on DPMs	0.774/0.756	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	IB5	I buy more when paying with DPMs	n/a*	Modified from Lachance (2012)
	IB6	I want to have the possibility to choose between bank employees and chatbots if in need of support	0.707/0.642	Modified from van der Cruijsen et al. (2017)
Intention to fully adopt DPMs	INT1	I plan to use only DPMs in the future	n/a	Modified from Chaouali et al. (2017)

Note(s): n/a = not applicable; *Items with weak correlations were removed; Factor loadings: Adopters-accepters (AA), n = 105, Adopters-resisters (AR), n = 388; DPMs = Digital payment methods

Source(s): The author’s own creation/work

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