Maturity levels of the HRAMM: technological area
| Dim | Components | Level 1: Initial | Level 2: Limited | Level 3: Systematic | Level 4: Strategic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1. HRA architecture | 1.1. Technological standards | The HRA system does not support any interoperability standards | The HRA system has interoperability standards for less than 50% of applications and there is only one interoperability standard supported by the HRA system | The HRA system has interoperability standards for less than 80% of applications and there are a few interoperability standards supported by the HRA system | The HRA system has interoperability standards for more than 80% of the applications and the majority of the interoperability standards are supported by the HRA system |
| 1.2. Technological integration | The HRA system’s integration with other internal and/or external applications is performed manually | Less than 50% of other internal and/or external applications are integrated and automatically shares data with the HRA system | A portion between 50 and 80% of other internal and/or external applications are integrated and automatically shares data with the HRA system | The HRA system is completely integrated with internal and external applications, enabling the automated exchange of information flows | |
| T2. Data management | 2.1. Data storing* | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not enable storage of [A] data | The HRA system enables the collection of [A] data, but using a database that does not automatically distinguish them from other kinds of data, making it inefficient to store and retrieve them when needed | The HRA system infrastructure enables the collection of [A] data automatically in a dedicated section of the database, that is however not organised according to relational logic | The HRA system architecture enables the collection of [A] data automatically in a dedicated section of a database that is structured internally according to relational logics |
| 2.2. Data modelling* | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not enable [A] data to be available in a well-structured manner | The HRA system infrastructure enables automatic modelling for less than 50% of [A] data because manual processing is still fundamental to ensure consistency in data structures | The HRA system infrastructure enables automatic modelling for more than 50% of [A] data, but manual intervention is needed when data volume/velocity/variety/veracity are challenging | The HRA system enables automatic modelling for more than 80% of [A] data, also when dealing with high volume/velocity/variety/veracity | |
| 2.3. Data collection frequency* | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure collects [A] data sporadically | The HRA system ensures the collection and updates of [A] data, considering specific users’ requirements or timeliness constraints in less than 50% of cases | The HRA system ensures the collection and updates of [A] data, considering the users’ requirements and specific timeliness constraints in between 50 and 80% of cases | The HRA system ensures the collection and updates of [A] data, considering the users’ requirements and specific timeliness constraints in more than 80% of cases | |
| 2.4. Data granularity* | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure collects [A] data not considering different granularities | The HRA system enables the management of statically different granularities of [A] data considering a few dimensions at a time | The HRA system enables the management of statically different granularities of [A] data considering as many dimensions as needed (multidimensional structures) | The HRA system enables the management of different granularities of [A] data considering as many dimensions as needed. It enables rolling-up and/or drilling-down operations to dynamically adapt the level of granularity of each dimension of interest for the analysis | |
| 2.5. Data integration** | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not enable integration of [A, B] data with other internal and/or external ones | The HRA system enables the manual integration of [A, B] data with other internal and/or external data, which is shown to be inefficient when carrying out analyses | The HRA system enables automatic integration of [A, B] data with other internal and/or external ones according to a set of dimensions that drive the users towards a predefined reasoning path | The HRA system enables automatic integration of [A, B] data with internal and/or external data and indicators, considering both structured and unstructured data-items | |
| T3. HRA application | 3.1. Analytics software | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not provide for any analytical tool | The HRA system is primarily based on the use of Microsoft Excel as an analytical tool | The organisation has a wide set of analytical tools for HRA that enable automatic analyses, but some sophisticated functionalities require advanced competencies (e.g. coding, etc.) | The organisation provides a wide set of sophisticated analytical tools for HRA that enable automatic and sophisticated analyses in a very efficient and effective way due to a user-friendly interface |
| 3.2. Visualisation software | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not support any visualisation tool | The HRA is primarily based on using Microsoft Excel and/or Power Point as a visualisation tool | The organisation provides a set of sophisticated visualisation tools for HRA that enable automatic and real-time updating, but their management is centralised (users cannot choose what to visualise) | The organisation provides a set of sophisticated visualisation tools for HRA that enable automatic and real-time updates, and users can customise their dashboard according to their needs | |
| T4. Interface | The HRA system does not provide any interface for supervisors | The HRA’s technological infrastructure presents a command-line interface for supervisors (i.e. user types characters to query the software), that is present only locally on specific clients | The HRA’s technological infrastructure presents a client-server interface (i.e. point and click), more user-friendly and accessible also via proxies from different locations | The HRA’s technological infrastructure presents an advanced web-based interface, which has both a web and a desktop/mobile application to adapt to any device and location from which access is required |
| Dim | Components | Level 1: Initial | Level 2: Limited | Level 3: Systematic | Level 4: Strategic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1. Technological standards | The HRA system does not support any interoperability standards | The HRA system has interoperability standards for less than 50% of applications and there is only one interoperability standard supported by the HRA system | The HRA system has interoperability standards for less than 80% of applications and there are a few interoperability standards supported by the HRA system | The HRA system has interoperability standards for more than 80% of the applications and the majority of the interoperability standards are supported by the HRA system | |
| 1.2. Technological integration | The HRA system’s integration with other internal and/or external applications is performed manually | Less than 50% of other internal and/or external applications are integrated and automatically shares data with the HRA system | A portion between 50 and 80% of other internal and/or external applications are integrated and automatically shares data with the HRA system | The HRA system is completely integrated with internal and external applications, enabling the automated exchange of information flows | |
| 2.1. Data storing* | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not enable storage of [A] data | The HRA system enables the collection of [A] data, but using a database that does not automatically distinguish them from other kinds of data, making it inefficient to store and retrieve them when needed | The HRA system infrastructure enables the collection of [A] data automatically in a dedicated section of the database, that is however not organised according to relational logic | The HRA system architecture enables the collection of [A] data automatically in a dedicated section of a database that is structured internally according to relational logics | |
| 2.2. Data modelling* | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not enable [A] data to be available in a well-structured manner | The HRA system infrastructure enables automatic modelling for less than 50% of [A] data because manual processing is still fundamental to ensure consistency in data structures | The HRA system infrastructure enables automatic modelling for more than 50% of [A] data, but manual intervention is needed when data volume/velocity/variety/veracity are challenging | The HRA system enables automatic modelling for more than 80% of [A] data, also when dealing with high volume/velocity/variety/veracity | |
| 2.3. Data collection frequency* | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure collects [A] data sporadically | The HRA system ensures the collection and updates of [A] data, considering specific users’ requirements or timeliness constraints in less than 50% of cases | The HRA system ensures the collection and updates of [A] data, considering the users’ requirements and specific timeliness constraints in between 50 and 80% of cases | The HRA system ensures the collection and updates of [A] data, considering the users’ requirements and specific timeliness constraints in more than 80% of cases | |
| 2.4. Data granularity* | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure collects [A] data not considering different granularities | The HRA system enables the management of statically different granularities of [A] data considering a few dimensions at a time | The HRA system enables the management of statically different granularities of [A] data considering as many dimensions as needed (multidimensional structures) | The HRA system enables the management of different granularities of [A] data considering as many dimensions as needed. It enables rolling-up and/or drilling-down operations to dynamically adapt the level of granularity of each dimension of interest for the analysis | |
| 2.5. Data integration** | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not enable integration of [A, B] data with other internal and/or external ones | The HRA system enables the manual integration of [A, B] data with other internal and/or external data, which is shown to be inefficient when carrying out analyses | The HRA system enables automatic integration of [A, B] data with other internal and/or external ones according to a set of dimensions that drive the users towards a predefined reasoning path | The HRA system enables automatic integration of [A, B] data with internal and/or external data and indicators, considering both structured and unstructured data-items | |
| 3.1. Analytics software | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not provide for any analytical tool | The HRA system is primarily based on the use of Microsoft Excel as an analytical tool | The organisation has a wide set of analytical tools for HRA that enable automatic analyses, but some sophisticated functionalities require advanced competencies (e.g. coding, etc.) | The organisation provides a wide set of sophisticated analytical tools for HRA that enable automatic and sophisticated analyses in a very efficient and effective way due to a user-friendly interface | |
| 3.2. Visualisation software | The HRA system’s technological infrastructure does not support any visualisation tool | The HRA is primarily based on using Microsoft Excel and/or Power Point as a visualisation tool | The organisation provides a set of sophisticated visualisation tools for HRA that enable automatic and real-time updating, but their management is centralised (users cannot choose what to visualise) | The organisation provides a set of sophisticated visualisation tools for HRA that enable automatic and real-time updates, and users can customise their dashboard according to their needs | |
| The HRA system does not provide any interface for supervisors | The HRA’s technological infrastructure presents a command-line interface for supervisors (i.e. user types characters to query the software), that is present only locally on specific clients | The HRA’s technological infrastructure presents a client-server interface (i.e. point and click), more user-friendly and accessible also via proxies from different locations | The HRA’s technological infrastructure presents an advanced web-based interface, which has both a web and a desktop/mobile application to adapt to any device and location from which access is required |
Note(s): * [A] HR-related data: administrative [A1], HR practices [A2], employee characteristics [A3], manager characteristics [A4], interactions [A5], individual performance [A6]
** [B]Other data: business performance [B1], financial indicators [B2], external data [B3]
Source(s): Table by authors