Maturity levels of the HRAMM: functional area
| Dim | Components | Level 1: Initial | Level 2: Limited | Level 3: Systematic | Level 4: Strategic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F8. Data governance | 8.1. Data integrity* | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual alteration of the integrity of [A] data | The HRA system relies on simple and sporadic checks concerning the integrity of [A] data | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the integrity of [A] data | The HRA system has a high-level security mechanism to ensure [A] data integrity (e.g. asymmetric key and hash functions) |
| 8.2. Data accuracy* | There is not proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual issues concerning the accuracy of [A] data | The HRA system relies on manual sporadic accuracy checks concerning the accuracy of [A] data | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the accuracy of [A] data | The HRA system has a high-level security mechanism to ensure data accuracy (e.g. automatic cleaning), used before loading data into the database | |
| 8.3. Data completeness* | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual issues concerning the completeness of [A] | The HRA system relies on manual and sporadic checks concerning completeness of [A] data | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the completeness of [A] data but neglects the root causes of each null value | The HRA system has tools that enable sophisticated automated checks concerning the completeness of [A] data and that automatically recognise if the specific null values | |
| 8.4. Data confidentiality* | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual issues concerning the confidentiality of [A] data | The HRA system relies on manual and sporadic checks concerning the confidentiality of [A] data to ensure that privacy issues are monitored | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the confidentiality of [A] data to ensure that privacy issues are monitored | The HRA solution has a high-level security mechanism to ensure the confidentiality of [A] data (e.g. asymmetric key mechanism) | |
| 8.5. Data availability* | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual issues concerning the availability of [A] data and continuity of service | The HRA system relies on manual and sporadic checks concerning the availability of [A] data to ensure continuity of service of about 90% | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the availability of [A] data to ensure continuity of service of about 95% | The HRA solution has a high-level mechanism to ensure the availability and access control of [A] data (e.g. intranet solutions, intrusion detection systems) | |
| F9. Measurement** | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not enable the generation of any metric for [D] field | The HRA system enables the manual generation of metrics related to [D] field | The HRA system automatically generates, at a fixed frequency, pre-determined metrics related to [D] field | The HRA system provides real-time metrics related to [D] field that could be personalised by the user through a user-friendly interface | |
| F10. Reporting** | 10.1. Report frequency | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not produce actual reports inherent to [D] field | HRA reports concerning [D] field are produced and updated at adequate frequencies for the dynamicity of the represented reality in less than 50% of cases | HRA reports concerning [D] field are produced and updated at adequate frequencies for the dynamicity of the represented reality in more than 50% of cases | HRA reports concerning [D] field are produced and updated in real-time. Moreover, reporting frequency is flexible and could be adapted according to specific needs/requests |
| 10.2. Report distribution | There is no proper HRA system that delivers reports or, if there is one, it does not distribute anything about [D] field except if requested specifically or in extraordinary cases | More than 50% of reports produced about [D] field are sent proactively, but manually, in digital format (e.g. via email) to the various users | More than 50% of reports produced about [D] field are sent automatically (e.g. via email) by the system to the various users | More than 50% of reports about [D] field can be accessed in a personalised manner directly from the system by individual users | |
| 10.3. Visualisation effectiveness | There is no proper HRA system or, if there is one, it does not exploit tools for displaying HRA reports | The HRA system’s report displaying systems make the results difficult to interpret for non-expert employees (more than 50% of total users) | The HRA’s report-displaying systems present the results in a homogeneous but clear manner to the totality of the users | The HRA’s report-displaying systems enable the customised visualisation of results, so they are clear and effective to each user | |
| F11. Analysis | 11.1. Explanatory | HRA organisational capability does not enable to carry out analytics | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform basic descriptive analysis (e.g. sum, mean) | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform more advanced descriptive analysis (e.g. correlation) | HRA organisational capability enables the execution of all possible explanatory analytical techniques (e.g. structural equation modelling) |
| 11.2. Predictive | HRA organisational capability does not enable analytics | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform basic predictive analytics (e.g. linear regression analysis) | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform more advanced descriptive analyses (e.g. multivariate regression analysis) | HRA organisational capability enables the execution of all possible predictive analytical techniques (e.g. predictive models) | |
| 11.3 Prescriptive | HRA organisational capability does not enable analytics | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform basic prescriptive analyses (e.g. optimisation techniques) | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform more advanced prescriptive analyses (e.g. simulation techniques) | HRA organisational capability enables the execution of all possible prescriptive analytical techniques (e.g. machine learning techniques) |
| Dim | Components | Level 1: Initial | Level 2: Limited | Level 3: Systematic | Level 4: Strategic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8.1. Data integrity* | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual alteration of the integrity of [A] data | The HRA system relies on simple and sporadic checks concerning the integrity of [A] data | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the integrity of [A] data | The HRA system has a high-level security mechanism to ensure [A] data integrity (e.g. asymmetric key and hash functions) | |
| 8.2. Data accuracy* | There is not proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual issues concerning the accuracy of [A] data | The HRA system relies on manual sporadic accuracy checks concerning the accuracy of [A] data | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the accuracy of [A] data | The HRA system has a high-level security mechanism to ensure data accuracy (e.g. automatic cleaning), used before loading data into the database | |
| 8.3. Data completeness* | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual issues concerning the completeness of [A] | The HRA system relies on manual and sporadic checks concerning completeness of [A] data | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the completeness of [A] data but neglects the root causes of each null value | The HRA system has tools that enable sophisticated automated checks concerning the completeness of [A] data and that automatically recognise if the specific null values | |
| 8.4. Data confidentiality* | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual issues concerning the confidentiality of [A] data | The HRA system relies on manual and sporadic checks concerning the confidentiality of [A] data to ensure that privacy issues are monitored | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the confidentiality of [A] data to ensure that privacy issues are monitored | The HRA solution has a high-level security mechanism to ensure the confidentiality of [A] data (e.g. asymmetric key mechanism) | |
| 8.5. Data availability* | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not check for eventual issues concerning the availability of [A] data and continuity of service | The HRA system relies on manual and sporadic checks concerning the availability of [A] data to ensure continuity of service of about 90% | The HRA system relies on automated and frequent checks concerning the availability of [A] data to ensure continuity of service of about 95% | The HRA solution has a high-level mechanism to ensure the availability and access control of [A] data (e.g. intranet solutions, intrusion detection systems) | |
| There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not enable the generation of any metric for [D] field | The HRA system enables the manual generation of metrics related to [D] field | The HRA system automatically generates, at a fixed frequency, pre-determined metrics related to [D] field | The HRA system provides real-time metrics related to [D] field that could be personalised by the user through a user-friendly interface | ||
| 10.1. Report frequency | There is not any proper HRA system; or, if there is one, it does not produce actual reports inherent to [D] field | HRA reports concerning [D] field are produced and updated at adequate frequencies for the dynamicity of the represented reality in less than 50% of cases | HRA reports concerning [D] field are produced and updated at adequate frequencies for the dynamicity of the represented reality in more than 50% of cases | HRA reports concerning [D] field are produced and updated in real-time. Moreover, reporting frequency is flexible and could be adapted according to specific needs/requests | |
| 10.2. Report distribution | There is no proper HRA system that delivers reports or, if there is one, it does not distribute anything about [D] field except if requested specifically or in extraordinary cases | More than 50% of reports produced about [D] field are sent proactively, but manually, in digital format (e.g. via email) to the various users | More than 50% of reports produced about [D] field are sent automatically (e.g. via email) by the system to the various users | More than 50% of reports about [D] field can be accessed in a personalised manner directly from the system by individual users | |
| 10.3. Visualisation effectiveness | There is no proper HRA system or, if there is one, it does not exploit tools for displaying HRA reports | The HRA system’s report displaying systems make the results difficult to interpret for non-expert employees (more than 50% of total users) | The HRA’s report-displaying systems present the results in a homogeneous but clear manner to the totality of the users | The HRA’s report-displaying systems enable the customised visualisation of results, so they are clear and effective to each user | |
| 11.1. Explanatory | HRA organisational capability does not enable to carry out analytics | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform basic descriptive analysis (e.g. sum, mean) | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform more advanced descriptive analysis (e.g. correlation) | HRA organisational capability enables the execution of all possible explanatory analytical techniques (e.g. structural equation modelling) | |
| 11.2. Predictive | HRA organisational capability does not enable analytics | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform basic predictive analytics (e.g. linear regression analysis) | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform more advanced descriptive analyses (e.g. multivariate regression analysis) | HRA organisational capability enables the execution of all possible predictive analytical techniques (e.g. predictive models) | |
| 11.3 Prescriptive | HRA organisational capability does not enable analytics | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform basic prescriptive analyses (e.g. optimisation techniques) | HRA organisational capability enables users to perform more advanced prescriptive analyses (e.g. simulation techniques) | HRA organisational capability enables the execution of all possible prescriptive analytical techniques (e.g. machine learning techniques) |
Note(s): * [A] HR-related data: administrative [A1], HR practices [A2], employee characteristics [A3], manager characteristics [A4], interactions [A5], individual performance [A6]
** [D]Application field: administrative [D1], recruitment and selection [D2], team organisation and way of working [D3], performance management and compensation [D4], training [D5], employee’s behaviour and wellbeing [D6], leadership evaluation [D7], communication and information management [D8]
Source(s): Table by authors