Table 1 Barriers and benefits of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Barriers and benefits of blockchain technology implementation on construction supply chain

Code	Barrier	Implied meaning	Authors/Sources
B1	Authorisation issues	The blockchain technology has not been adequately tested in pilots, and a lack of verification may obstruct its implementation and use	Akinradewo et al. (2022), Rejeb et al. (2022)
B2	Legal issues	Legal issues (such as smart contracts, data protection regulations, litigation, and dispute resolution) can halt blockchain implementation and use in the construction industry	Biswas and Gupta (2019), Gurgun et al. (2022)
B3	Vulnerability of smart contract	Human error and poorly coded contracts could have disastrous consequences	Akinradewo et al. (2022)
B4	Energy consumption	Massive amounts of energy are needed to run Proof-of-Work protocols, which has an impact on the built environment in terms of emissions, grid capacity, and demand	Farooque et al. (2020), Petri et al. (2020)
B5	Transactional uncertainties	Fluctuations in cryptocurrency valuations means they are not yet stable enough for use in construction projects	Beer and Weber (2015), Nofer et al. (2017), Akinradewo et al. (2022)
B6	Interoperability	When different applications need to communicate, data transfer challenges arise, which is a major challenge for BIM in construction	Akinradewo et al. (2022)
B7	Reluctance to adopt	Individuals' reluctance to use blockchain due to cutting-edge technology will prevent it from being implemented and used	Rana et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2020)
B8	Lack of infrastructure	Sufficient server capacity is required for system stability, as is continuous Internet connectivity, and elements of the supply chain delivery system may fail if connectivity is lost	Singh and Kim (2019)
B9	Security issues	Endpoint vulnerabilities, vendor risks, unsubstantiated at full scales, untested code, and other factors can all harm blockchain implementation	Mendling et al. (2018), Li (20181), Öztürk and Yildizbaşi (2020), Rana et al. (2021)
B10	Resistance to change	Traditional industries, which are generally resistant to new technologies, find it difficult to adopt new technologies	Mahmudnia et al. (2022), Hamma-adama et al. (2020)
B11	Skills	Inadequate blockchain technology skills among employees and executives will have an impact on how blockchain is planned to be implemented and used in the construction industry	Risius and Spohrer (2017), Hawlitschek et al. (2018), Vidan and Lehdonvirta (2019), Akinradewo et al. (2022)
B12	Technological state of the industry	due to the delayed digitalisation, the construction industry's productivity has essentially lagged behind that of other sectors	Hamma-adama et al. (2020)
B13	Poor digitalisation of the construction industry	Despite technological advances in the majority of industries, the construction industry has been among the slowest to embrace digital technology	Hamma-adama et al. (2020)

Code	Barrier	Implied meaning	Authors/Sources
B1	Authorisation issues	The blockchain technology has not been adequately tested in pilots, and a lack of verification may obstruct its implementation and use	Akinradewo et al. (2022), Rejeb et al. (2022)
B2	Legal issues	Legal issues (such as smart contracts, data protection regulations, litigation, and dispute resolution) can halt blockchain implementation and use in the construction industry	Biswas and Gupta (2019), Gurgun et al. (2022)
B3	Vulnerability of smart contract	Human error and poorly coded contracts could have disastrous consequences	Akinradewo et al. (2022)
B4	Energy consumption	Massive amounts of energy are needed to run Proof-of-Work protocols, which has an impact on the built environment in terms of emissions, grid capacity, and demand	Farooque et al. (2020), Petri et al. (2020)
B5	Transactional uncertainties	Fluctuations in cryptocurrency valuations means they are not yet stable enough for use in construction projects	Beer and Weber (2015), Nofer et al. (2017), Akinradewo et al. (2022)
B6	Interoperability	When different applications need to communicate, data transfer challenges arise, which is a major challenge for BIM in construction	Akinradewo et al. (2022)
B7	Reluctance to adopt	Individuals' reluctance to use blockchain due to cutting-edge technology will prevent it from being implemented and used	Rana et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2020)
B8	Lack of infrastructure	Sufficient server capacity is required for system stability, as is continuous Internet connectivity, and elements of the supply chain delivery system may fail if connectivity is lost	Singh and Kim (2019)
B9	Security issues	Endpoint vulnerabilities, vendor risks, unsubstantiated at full scales, untested code, and other factors can all harm blockchain implementation	Mendling et al. (2018), Li (20181), Öztürk and Yildizbaşi (2020), Rana et al. (2021)
B10	Resistance to change	Traditional industries, which are generally resistant to new technologies, find it difficult to adopt new technologies	Mahmudnia et al. (2022), Hamma-adama et al. (2020)
B11	Skills	Inadequate blockchain technology skills among employees and executives will have an impact on how blockchain is planned to be implemented and used in the construction industry	Risius and Spohrer (2017), Hawlitschek et al. (2018), Vidan and Lehdonvirta (2019), Akinradewo et al. (2022)
B12	Technological state of the industry	due to the delayed digitalisation, the construction industry's productivity has essentially lagged behind that of other sectors	Hamma-adama et al. (2020)
B13	Poor digitalisation of the construction industry	Despite technological advances in the majority of industries, the construction industry has been among the slowest to embrace digital technology	Hamma-adama et al. (2020)

Code	Benefits	Implied Meaning	Authors/Sources
BE1	Increased transparency	Enhanced visibility and accountability in construction processes and transactions	Chakma et al. (2021), Singh and Kim (2019), Omanwa (2023)
BE2	Improved traceability	Ability to track and verify the origin, history, and movement of construction materials and components	Omanwa (2023)
BE3	Enhanced security	Strong cryptographic mechanisms protect data integrity and prevent unauthorised access or tampering	Javaid et al. (2022), Okanlawon et al. (2023)
BE4	Streamlined payment	Facilitates secure and efficient payment processes, reducing delays and eliminating intermediaries	Chakma et al. (2021), Singh and Kim (2019), Chen et al. (2022)
BE5	Smart contract automation	Self-executing contracts and automated processes enable efficiency, accuracy, and cost savings	Mahmudnia et al. (2022), Hamma-adama et al. (2020)
BE6	Improved dispute resolution	Tamper-proof records and transparency aid in resolving disputes quickly and fairly	Allison and Warren (2019)
BE7	Efficient supply chain management	Real-time monitoring and automated tracking of construction supply chain activities	Okanlawon et al. (2023)
BE8	Increased collaboration	Facilitates secure and transparent collaboration between project stakeholders	Okanlawon et al. (2023), Öztürk and Yildizbaşi (2020)
BE9	Improved quality control	Transparent and immutable records help ensure adherence to quality standards	Mahmudnia et al. (2022)
BE10	Efficient asset management	Digitally tracking and managing construction assets throughout their lifecycle	Hamma-adama et al. (2020)

Code	Benefits	Implied Meaning	Authors/Sources
BE1	Increased transparency	Enhanced visibility and accountability in construction processes and transactions	Chakma et al. (2021), Singh and Kim (2019), Omanwa (2023)
BE2	Improved traceability	Ability to track and verify the origin, history, and movement of construction materials and components	Omanwa (2023)
BE3	Enhanced security	Strong cryptographic mechanisms protect data integrity and prevent unauthorised access or tampering	Javaid et al. (2022), Okanlawon et al. (2023)
BE4	Streamlined payment	Facilitates secure and efficient payment processes, reducing delays and eliminating intermediaries	Chakma et al. (2021), Singh and Kim (2019), Chen et al. (2022)
BE5	Smart contract automation	Self-executing contracts and automated processes enable efficiency, accuracy, and cost savings	Mahmudnia et al. (2022), Hamma-adama et al. (2020)
BE6	Improved dispute resolution	Tamper-proof records and transparency aid in resolving disputes quickly and fairly	Allison and Warren (2019)
BE7	Efficient supply chain management	Real-time monitoring and automated tracking of construction supply chain activities	Okanlawon et al. (2023)
BE8	Increased collaboration	Facilitates secure and transparent collaboration between project stakeholders	Okanlawon et al. (2023), Öztürk and Yildizbaşi (2020)
BE9	Improved quality control	Transparent and immutable records help ensure adherence to quality standards	Mahmudnia et al. (2022)
BE10	Efficient asset management	Digitally tracking and managing construction assets throughout their lifecycle	Hamma-adama et al. (2020)

Source(s): Authors' own creation