Table 3 Overview of economic and...

Table 3

Overview of economic and ecologic effects and applied measures at the identified cases

ID	Authors (year)	Effects			Applied measures (own interpretation)
ID	Authors (year)	Econ.	Ecol.	Comment	Applied measures (own interpretation)
1	Adeniji and Schoop (2021)	++	++		A
2	Aguado et al. (2013)	++	++		B, C
3	Baldassarre et al. (2019)	--	++	Project makes no profit so far	P
4	Baumer-Cardoso et al. (2020)	++	-	Disproportionate increase of water consumption	L, N
5	Belhadi et al. (2018)	++	++		B, L
6	Ben Ruben et al. (2017)	++	++		B, G, L
7	Buandra (2019)	++	++		J, L, T
8	Chompu-inwai et al. (2015)	++	++		F, M
9	Choudhary et al. (2019)	++	++	Despite net positive carbon savings, there is one process within the value stream where CO₂ emissions have worsened severely	O, R
10	Diaz-Elsayed et al. (2013)	+	+		L
11	Fahad et al. (2017)	++	++		B, J
12	Felsberger et al. (2020)	+	++		A, M
13	Fu et al. (2017)	++	+?	No details about energy savings, pollution and waste reduction	F, I, L, M, Q
14	Gholami et al. (2021)	+?	++	No details about cost savings (declared as “significant” and “substantial”)	F, G, M
15	Glick and Shareef (2019)	+	+		M
16	Handoko et al. (2018)	++	++		E
17	Huang et al. (2017)	++	+		S
18	Iqbal et al. (2015)	+?	+?	No details about extent of productivity increase, energy savings and reduced emissions	I, M
19	Isasi-Sanchez et al. (2020)	++	++		S
20	Jarrell (1992)	+?	++	Value of increased flexibility is unclear	E
21	Jayachandran et al. (2006)	--	++	Manufacturing costs are three times higher	D, E, S
22	Khan et al. (2021)	++	--	Results depend strongly on machine settings; there are some cases where synergies can be achieved	D, E, F, I
23	Kluczek (2017)	+	++		D, E, F, H
24	Leme et al. (2018)	++	++		L, T
25	Lucato et al. (2015)	+?	++	No details about economic effect of reduced cycle time and higher productivity	G, L, M, T
26	Mangili and Prata (2020)	++	+	Comparison of two technologies: the one claimed more sustainable scores worse in some aspects such as resource consumption	E, F
27	Marinelli et al. (2017)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of recycling	P
28	Mashaei et al. (2011)	+?	++	No details about economic effect of changed throughput	M, T
29	Moreira et al. (2018)	++	++		F, I, M, T
30	Nakajima (2015)	+?	++	No details about extent of increased profits	E
31	Ndikumana (2019)	++	++		D, F, L
32	Păltan et al. (2019)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of recycling	D, H, R
33	Pampanelli et al. (2015)	+	++		L
34	Panjeshahi et al. (2009)	++	++		E, H
35	Park and Park (2014)	++	+?	No reference value for resource savings	H
36	Parthasarathy et al. (2005)	++	++		D, E, H
37	Pusavec and Kopac (2009)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of replacing coolants	E, F, I
38	Roeckel et al. (1994)	++	++		E, H
39	Rosen and Kishawy (2012)	++	++		E, F, H
40	Scharf et al. (2021)	++	++		A, D, E
41 a-d	Sellitto et al. (2021)	++	+?	No reference value for ecological effect of recycling	P
42	Sgobba and Meskell (2021)	+	+?	No reference value for avoided emissions	H
43	Silva et al. (2020)	+?	++	No reference value for cost savings	L, T
44	Sobral et al. (2013)	+?	+?	Effects are not quantified	I, L, T
45	Stoll et al. (2008)	++	+?	No reference value for resource savings	D, E, F, I
46	Takada et al. (2008)	+?	+?	Effects are not quantified	E, I, R, T
47	Tamosiunas (2014)	++	++		D, Q
48	Tang et al. (2016)	+?	+?	No reference value for increased profits; no values for emission decrease and resource savings	N
49	Tasdemir and Gazo (2019)	++	++		B, G, K, L
50	Teng et al. (2020)	++	++		L, M
51a	Thanki and Thakkar (2020)	--	+	Case 1: waste reduction might be caused by lower sales or the like	L
51b		++	○	Case 2: waste stayed on same level
51c		-	--	Case 3
51d		++	-	Case 4	K, L
51e		+	○	Case 5: waste stayed on same level	L
51f		--	--	Case 6	K, L
51g		-	-	Case 7	L
51h		++	--	Case 8	L
52	Tiwari et al. (2020)	++	++		G, L, T
53	Tokawa et al. (2001)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of avoided coolants	E, F, I, T
54a	Triebswetter and Hitchens (2005)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of replacing resources for all mentioned cases	F, K, P
54b		+
54c		+
55a	Vargas and Scott (2017)	++	+?	Case 1: No reference value for reduced gas consumption	C, E, G, J, L, Q, T
55b		+?	+?	Case 2: No details about extent of improved productivity; no reference value for reduced waste and water consumption	B, G
55c		+?	+?	Case 3: No details about reduced work hours (declared as “significant”); reference value for avoided waste	E, G, H
55d		++	++	Case 4	G, H, K
55e		+?	+?	Case 5: No details about reduced downtime and product handling; no reference value for reduced waste	E, G, I
55f		+?	+?	Case 6: No details about reduced cycle time; no reference value for avoided waste	E, G, Q
56	Veltri et al. (1999)	++	++		H
57	Vinodh et al. (2016)	++	++		H, L, M, O
58a	Wills (2009)	++	++	Case 1	E, F, I
58b	Wills (2009)	++	+?	Case 2: No details reduced emissions and waste	E, F, I
59	Yamazaki (2017)	++	++		C, R
60	Yang and Feng (2008)	++	++		P
61	Yue and You (2013)	++	+	For some solutions the environmental impact per unit produced increases sharply as productivity increases	N, O
62	Yun et al. (2014)	+?	++	No details about productivity increase	E
63	Zhang et al. (2018)	++	++		E, H
64	Zhang et al. (2016)	++	+?	No reference value for resource savings	A
65	Zhi-dong et al. (2011)	+	++		D, H
66	Zhu et al. (2007)	+?	++	No details about reduced costs Corporate group representing six cases	K, P

ID	Authors (year)	Effects			Applied measures (own interpretation)
ID	Authors (year)	Econ.	Ecol.	Comment	Applied measures (own interpretation)
1	Adeniji and Schoop (2021)	++	++		A
2	Aguado et al. (2013)	++	++		B, C
3	Baldassarre et al. (2019)	--	++	Project makes no profit so far	P
4	Baumer-Cardoso et al. (2020)	++	-	Disproportionate increase of water consumption	L, N
5	Belhadi et al. (2018)	++	++		B, L
6	Ben Ruben et al. (2017)	++	++		B, G, L
7	Buandra (2019)	++	++		J, L, T
8	Chompu-inwai et al. (2015)	++	++		F, M
9	Choudhary et al. (2019)	++	++	Despite net positive carbon savings, there is one process within the value stream where CO₂ emissions have worsened severely	O, R
10	Diaz-Elsayed et al. (2013)	+	+		L
11	Fahad et al. (2017)	++	++		B, J
12	Felsberger et al. (2020)	+	++		A, M
13	Fu et al. (2017)	++	+?	No details about energy savings, pollution and waste reduction	F, I, L, M, Q
14	Gholami et al. (2021)	+?	++	No details about cost savings (declared as “significant” and “substantial”)	F, G, M
15	Glick and Shareef (2019)	+	+		M
16	Handoko et al. (2018)	++	++		E
17	Huang et al. (2017)	++	+		S
18	Iqbal et al. (2015)	+?	+?	No details about extent of productivity increase, energy savings and reduced emissions	I, M
19	Isasi-Sanchez et al. (2020)	++	++		S
20	Jarrell (1992)	+?	++	Value of increased flexibility is unclear	E
21	Jayachandran et al. (2006)	--	++	Manufacturing costs are three times higher	D, E, S
22	Khan et al. (2021)	++	--	Results depend strongly on machine settings; there are some cases where synergies can be achieved	D, E, F, I
23	Kluczek (2017)	+	++		D, E, F, H
24	Leme et al. (2018)	++	++		L, T
25	Lucato et al. (2015)	+?	++	No details about economic effect of reduced cycle time and higher productivity	G, L, M, T
26	Mangili and Prata (2020)	++	+	Comparison of two technologies: the one claimed more sustainable scores worse in some aspects such as resource consumption	E, F
27	Marinelli et al. (2017)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of recycling	P
28	Mashaei et al. (2011)	+?	++	No details about economic effect of changed throughput	M, T
29	Moreira et al. (2018)	++	++		F, I, M, T
30	Nakajima (2015)	+?	++	No details about extent of increased profits	E
31	Ndikumana (2019)	++	++		D, F, L
32	Păltan et al. (2019)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of recycling	D, H, R
33	Pampanelli et al. (2015)	+	++		L
34	Panjeshahi et al. (2009)	++	++		E, H
35	Park and Park (2014)	++	+?	No reference value for resource savings	H
36	Parthasarathy et al. (2005)	++	++		D, E, H
37	Pusavec and Kopac (2009)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of replacing coolants	E, F, I
38	Roeckel et al. (1994)	++	++		E, H
39	Rosen and Kishawy (2012)	++	++		E, F, H
40	Scharf et al. (2021)	++	++		A, D, E
41 a-d	Sellitto et al. (2021)	++	+?	No reference value for ecological effect of recycling	P
42	Sgobba and Meskell (2021)	+	+?	No reference value for avoided emissions	H
43	Silva et al. (2020)	+?	++	No reference value for cost savings	L, T
44	Sobral et al. (2013)	+?	+?	Effects are not quantified	I, L, T
45	Stoll et al. (2008)	++	+?	No reference value for resource savings	D, E, F, I
46	Takada et al. (2008)	+?	+?	Effects are not quantified	E, I, R, T
47	Tamosiunas (2014)	++	++		D, Q
48	Tang et al. (2016)	+?	+?	No reference value for increased profits; no values for emission decrease and resource savings	N
49	Tasdemir and Gazo (2019)	++	++		B, G, K, L
50	Teng et al. (2020)	++	++		L, M
51a	Thanki and Thakkar (2020)	--	+	Case 1: waste reduction might be caused by lower sales or the like	L
51b		++	○	Case 2: waste stayed on same level
51c		-	--	Case 3
51d		++	-	Case 4	K, L
51e		+	○	Case 5: waste stayed on same level	L
51f		--	--	Case 6	K, L
51g		-	-	Case 7	L
51h		++	--	Case 8	L
52	Tiwari et al. (2020)	++	++		G, L, T
53	Tokawa et al. (2001)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of avoided coolants	E, F, I, T
54a	Triebswetter and Hitchens (2005)	++	+?	No details about ecological effect of replacing resources for all mentioned cases	F, K, P
54b		+
54c		+
55a	Vargas and Scott (2017)	++	+?	Case 1: No reference value for reduced gas consumption	C, E, G, J, L, Q, T
55b		+?	+?	Case 2: No details about extent of improved productivity; no reference value for reduced waste and water consumption	B, G
55c		+?	+?	Case 3: No details about reduced work hours (declared as “significant”); reference value for avoided waste	E, G, H
55d		++	++	Case 4	G, H, K
55e		+?	+?	Case 5: No details about reduced downtime and product handling; no reference value for reduced waste	E, G, I
55f		+?	+?	Case 6: No details about reduced cycle time; no reference value for avoided waste	E, G, Q
56	Veltri et al. (1999)	++	++		H
57	Vinodh et al. (2016)	++	++		H, L, M, O
58a	Wills (2009)	++	++	Case 1	E, F, I
58b	Wills (2009)	++	+?	Case 2: No details reduced emissions and waste	E, F, I
59	Yamazaki (2017)	++	++		C, R
60	Yang and Feng (2008)	++	++		P
61	Yue and You (2013)	++	+	For some solutions the environmental impact per unit produced increases sharply as productivity increases	N, O
62	Yun et al. (2014)	+?	++	No details about productivity increase	E
63	Zhang et al. (2018)	++	++		E, H
64	Zhang et al. (2016)	++	+?	No reference value for resource savings	A
65	Zhi-dong et al. (2011)	+	++		D, H
66	Zhu et al. (2007)	+?	++	No details about reduced costsCorporate group representing six cases	K, P

Note(s): A: IoT, digitalization, artificial intelligence; B: changed layout (incl. rearranging processes/stations); C: retrofitting of material flow (addressing bottlenecks); D: retrofitting of equipment (energy-efficiency, low-pollution); E: retrofitting enabling new options/processes; F: change of used material, chemical composition, supplies; G: Six Sigma; H: internal recirculation and waste utilization (incl. cogeneration); I: reduced need of operating supplies; J: reduced transportation effort; K: sourcing/procurement; L: lean (5S, JIT, Kaizen, …); M: changed machine setting/calibration (incl. switch-off during non-activity); N: change of batch size; O: resource leveling; P: exchange of by-products (external); Q: automation; R: process integration; S: additive manufacturing; T: changes in time (idle time, shifts, cycle time, utilization)

Source(s): Authors’ own elaboration

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