Table A1

Measurement of variables

ConstructsItemsSource
Dependent variableThe design and development of entrepreneurial universities (4 items)
  • (1)

    The design and development of an entrepreneurial university as reflected in the publication of works with practical implications

  • (2)

    The design and development of an entrepreneurial university through the implementation of a strategic plan

  • (3)

    The design and development of an entrepreneurial university reflected in the total revenues generated by contracts, projects and patents by academic department

  • (4)

    The design and development of an entrepreneurial university through the incorporation of entrepreneurial culture into study programs

Adapted from Sidrat and Boujelbene (2020)
(7-point Likert scale)
Independent variablesAutonomy (5 items)
  • (1)

    The operational application of autonomy through means of the university’s capacity to remain independent and make endless choices that determine its future

  • (2)

    The operational application of autonomy through means of the university thinking and acting independently

  • (3)

    The operational application of autonomy through means of the university showing trust in itself and, above all, being able to gain either financial autonomy or access the necessary sources of financing

  • (4)

    The operational application of autonomy reflected through freedom of choice

  • (5)

    The operational application of autonomy through the financial freedom of managing research funds that contribute towards the success of commercialisation within which freedom is important to individuals developing new ideas

Innovation (5 items)
  • (1)

    The implementation of innovation emerges through means of new programs and pedagogies

  • (2)

    The implementation of innovation takes place through means of creating new ideas and projects

  • (3)

    The implementation of innovation takes place through means of launching spinoffs

  • (4)

    The implementation of innovation takes place through introducing new working methods

  • (5)

    The implementation of innovation takes place through means of establishing management structures and methods

Proactiveness (3 items)
  • (1)

    The operational application of proactiveness reflects in the university being the first to engage in new technologies rather than reacting to the “competitors”

  • (2)

    The operational application of proactiveness reflects in the university standing out more as a leader and less as a follower

  • (3)

    The operational application of proactiveness reflects in the university achieving excellence in identifying opportunities

Competitive aggressiveness (3 items)
  • (1)

    The operational application of competitive aggressiveness reflects in the university working hard to defeat its “competitors” to attract more students

  • (2)

    The operational application of competitive aggressiveness reflects in the university improving its brand image

  • (3)

    The operational application of competitive aggressiveness reflects in the university striving to develop creative and original approaches to attracting an increasingly demanding public and thereby providing multiple opportunities

Risk taking (4 items)
  • (1)

    The operational application of risk taking emerges through means of decision-making with uncertainties and risks

  • (2)

    The operational application of risk taking emerges through means of the university displaying a favourable attitude to a particular risk

  • (3)

    The operational application of risk taking emerges through means of the university taking decisions in situations of risk and deciding to do unknown things

  • (4)

    The operational application of risk taking emerges through means of the university being willing to invest significantly in lucrative projects

Moderating VariablesNetworks, knowledge and trust (4 items)
  • (1)

    We encourage our students to get involved in research with significant implications for industry or for society

  • (2)

    We encourage our students to seek out practical applications for their research

  • (3)

    The teaching staff at our institution emphasise applied research

  • (4)

    Our professors frequently seek out research opportunities outside of the traditional university environment

  • (5)

    In comparison with other similar institutions in our region, our professors are renowned for their highly efficient and productive research

Adapted from Migliori et al. (2019), Hormiga et al. (2017) 
Market orientation (4 items)
  • (1)

    In comparison with other similar institutions in our region, our institution has a reputation for contributing towards industry and society

  • (2)

    There is the expectation that members of staff make substantial contributions towards industry or society

  • (3)

    Our students very often obtain high-quality positions in industry

  • (4)

    Our institution is highly considered by industry

Sustainable development goals (2 items)
  • (1)

    We feel that the university policies contribute subsequently to this institution achieving its targets and goals

  • (2)

    In comparison with the majority of other institutions, our institution is highly sensitive to new ideas and innovative approaches

Source(s): Authors own work

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