Static panel results (model 1)
| AI_GOV | Ordinary least squares | Robust regression | Fixed effects | Random effects | Prais Winsten regression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRAIN_DRAIN | −1.125** (0.491) | −1.452*** (0.411) | 2.720 (1.686) | −0.796 (0.626) | −1.090** (0.529) |
| ICT_SPEC | 2.648*** (0.441) | 2.088*** (0.369) | 11.971*** (4.414) | 2.829*** (0.571) | 2.710*** (0.474) |
| GDPPPG | 0.178* (0.103) | 0.179** (0.087) | 0.159 (0.098) | 0.192** (0.097) | 0.195* (0.100) |
| GOVEXPG | 0.053 (0.158) | 0.029 (0.133) | 0.067 (0.186) | 0.051 (0.162) | 0.080 (0.161) |
| REG_QUAL | 11.565*** (1.220) | 10.941*** (1.021) | 11.703** (4.909) | 11.881*** (1.585) | 11.459*** (1.314) |
| Constant | 42.004*** (4.041) | 46.903*** (3.383) | −16.801 (23.565) | 39.731*** (5.132) | 41.507*** (4.331) |
| R-squared | 0.683 | – | 0.362 | 0.682 | 0.620 |
| Hausman test | – | – | 0.02 | – | – |
| AI_GOV | Ordinary least squares | Robust regression | Fixed effects | Random effects | Prais Winsten regression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRAIN_DRAIN | −1.125** (0.491) | −1.452*** (0.411) | 2.720 (1.686) | −0.796 (0.626) | −1.090** (0.529) |
| ICT_SPEC | 2.648*** (0.441) | 2.088*** (0.369) | 11.971*** (4.414) | 2.829*** (0.571) | 2.710*** (0.474) |
| GDPPPG | 0.178* (0.103) | 0.179** (0.087) | 0.159 (0.098) | 0.192** (0.097) | 0.195* (0.100) |
| GOVEXPG | 0.053 (0.158) | 0.029 (0.133) | 0.067 (0.186) | 0.051 (0.162) | 0.080 (0.161) |
| REG_QUAL | 11.565*** (1.220) | 10.941*** (1.021) | 11.703** (4.909) | 11.881*** (1.585) | 11.459*** (1.314) |
| Constant | 42.004*** (4.041) | 46.903*** (3.383) | −16.801 (23.565) | 39.731*** (5.132) | 41.507*** (4.331) |
| 0.683 | – | 0.362 | 0.682 | 0.620 | |
| Hausman test | – | – | 0.02 | – | – |
Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses; ***, ** and * denote significance at 1, 5 and 10 percent level respectively
Source(s): Authors’ processing
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