Table 4 Associations between item... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Associations between item responses, demographics, and agency characteristics

	Odds ratios
Census regions	Morale⁺	Support⁺	Complexity⁺	Proactivity	Recruiting⁺	Resignations	Disobey⁺	External	Less Safe⁺
Northeast	Reference
South	0.42***	1.15	1.00	0.70	0.48***	0.57	0.57*	0.79	0.68
Midwest	0.78	0.94	0.57*	1.04	0.94	1.12	0.83	1.01	0.79
West	0.59	1.08	0.92	0.53	0.39***	1.24	0.93	1.60	0.71
Urbanicity
Metro/Micropolitan	Reference
Small Town/Rural	0.96	0.97	1.02	0.92	1.59*	1.17	0.73	0.99	0.80
Tenure
Years as chief	0.97*	0.98	0.95***	0.99	0.96**	0.97*	0.98	0.98	1.02
Years not as chief	0.99	1.00	0.99	1.02	0.98	1.01	0.99	1.05	1.02
Staffing
Residents per officer	1.02	0.97	0.97	0.94	1.02	0.96	0.96	0.98	1.04

	Odds ratios
Census regions	Morale⁺	Support⁺	Complexity⁺	Proactivity	Recruiting⁺	Resignations	Disobey⁺	External	Less Safe⁺
Northeast	Reference
South	0.42***	1.15	1.00	0.70	0.48***	0.57	0.57*	0.79	0.68
Midwest	0.78	0.94	0.57*	1.04	0.94	1.12	0.83	1.01	0.79
West	0.59	1.08	0.92	0.53	0.39***	1.24	0.93	1.60	0.71
Urbanicity
Metro/Micropolitan	Reference
Small Town/Rural	0.96	0.97	1.02	0.92	1.59*	1.17	0.73	0.99	0.80
Tenure
Years as chief	0.97*	0.98	0.95***	0.99	0.96**	0.97*	0.98	0.98	1.02
Years not as chief	0.99	1.00	0.99	1.02	0.98	1.01	0.99	1.05	1.02
Staffing
Residents per officer	1.02	0.97	0.97	0.94	1.02	0.96	0.96	0.98	1.04

Note(s): ⁺ Identifies items reverse coded such that a higher score denotes a less desirable outcome or state of affairs among chiefs

* denotes significance at p < 0.10 ** denotes significance at p < 0.05 *** denotes significance at p < 0.01

Source(s): Table and all contents by the authors