ICT, Female Employment and CO2 emissions
| Dependent variable: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without a conditioning information set | With a conditioning information set | |||||
| Fixed | Mobile | Internet | Fixed | Mobile | Internet | |
| Constant | −0.0417*** (0.0129) | −0.0230 (0.021) | −0.0002 (0.013) | −0.067*** (0.011) | 0.005 (0.020) | −0.062*** (0.0153) |
| Fixed | −0.0186*** (0.001) | -- | - | −0.020*** (0.002) | - | - |
| Mobile | – | 0.00002 (0.0002) | – | – | −0.001*** (0.0003) | - |
| Internet | – | – | −0.002*** (0.0004) | – | – | −0.004*** (0.0005) |
| Employment | 0.002** (0.001) | −0.003 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.003*** (0.001) | −0.012*** (0.003) | 0.004** (0.002) |
| Fixed × Employment | 0.0007*** (0.0002) | – | - | 0.0001*** (0.0003) | – | – |
| Mobile × Employment | – | 0.0001 (0.00003) | - | – | 0.0002*** (0.00003) | – |
| Internet × Employment | – | – | 0.00005 (0.00005) | – | – | −0.00007 (0.00006) |
| GDPgr | – | – | – | 0.005*** (0.0009) | 0.006*** (0.001) | 0.0059*** (0.0009) |
| FDI | – | – | – | −0.0002 (0.0001) | −0.0007 (0.0004) | −0.0004** (0.0002) |
| Net effects of gender inclusion | 0.0024 | na | na | 0.003 | −0.011 | na |
| ICT Thresholds | na | na | na | na | 60 | na |
| AR (1) | (0.051) | (0.045) | (0.042) | (0.045) | (0.023) | (0.040) |
| AR (2) | (0.214) | (0.280) | (0.195) | (0.141) | (0.243) | (0.155) |
| Sargan (OIR) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
| Hansen (OIR) | (0.073) | (0.089) | (0.650) | (0.358) | (0.091) | (0.224) |
| DHT for instruments | ||||||
| (a) Instruments in levels | ||||||
| H excluding group | (0.552) | (0.184) | (0.471) | (0.562) | (0.395) | (0.602) |
| Dif (null, H = exogenous) | (0.037) | (0.116) | (0.629) | (0.269) | (0.068) | (0.360) |
| (b) IV (years, eq(diff)) | ||||||
| H excluding group | - | - | - | na | na | na |
| Dif (null, H = exogenous) | - | - | - | na | na | na |
| Fisher | 94815.1*** | 21389.84*** | 40250.27*** | 134575.43*** | 10526.37*** | 27985.78*** |
| Instrument | 28 | 28 | 28 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| Countries | 42 | 42 | 42 | 39 | 39 | 39 |
| Observations | 525 | 583 | 580 | 446 | 488 | 487 |
| Dependent variable: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without a conditioning information set | With a conditioning information set | |||||
| Fixed | Mobile | Internet | Fixed | Mobile | Internet | |
| Constant | −0.0417*** (0.0129) | −0.0230 (0.021) | −0.0002 (0.013) | 0.005 (0.020) | −0.062*** (0.0153) | |
| Fixed | -- | - | - | - | ||
| Mobile | – | 0.00002 (0.0002) | – | – | - | |
| Internet | – | – | −0.002*** (0.0004) | – | – | |
| Employment | −0.003 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.001) | ||||
| Fixed × Employment | – | - | – | – | ||
| Mobile × Employment | – | 0.0001 (0.00003) | - | – | – | |
| Internet × Employment | – | – | 0.00005 (0.00005) | – | – | −0.00007 (0.00006) |
| GDPgr | – | – | – | |||
| FDI | – | – | – | −0.0002 (0.0001) | −0.0007 (0.0004) | −0.0004** (0.0002) |
| Net effects of gender inclusion | 0.0024 | na | na | 0.003 | −0.011 | na |
| ICT Thresholds | na | na | na | na | 60 | na |
| AR (1) | (0.051) | (0.045) | (0.042) | (0.045) | (0.023) | (0.040) |
| AR (2) | ||||||
| Sargan (OIR) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
| Hansen (OIR) | (0.073) | |||||
| DHT for instruments | ||||||
| (a) Instruments in levels | ||||||
| H excluding group | ||||||
| Dif (null, H = exogenous) | (0.037) | |||||
| (b) IV (years, eq(diff)) | ||||||
| H excluding group | - | - | - | |||
| Dif (null, H = exogenous) | - | - | - | |||
| Fisher | ||||||
| Instrument | 28 | 28 | 28 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| Countries | 42 | 42 | 42 | 39 | 39 | 39 |
| Observations | 525 | 583 | 580 | 446 | 488 | 487 |
Source(s): *, **, *** significance levels of 10, 5 and 1%, respectively. CO2 emissions: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita); Internet: Internet users (per 100 people); Mobile: Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) Penetration; Fixed: Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people); Employment: Employment rate (15+ female %) (model ILO estimate); GDPgr: Gross Domestic Product per capita growth; FDI: Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP). DHT is the difference in Hansen test for instruments' subsets exogeneity. OIR overidentifying restrictions test. Dif difference. Italic values have two main significances. (1) The Fisher statistics and estimated coefficients that are significant. (2) Inability to reject the null hypotheses of (a) absence of autocorrelation in the AR (1) and AR (2) tests and (b) instrument validity as it pertains to the Sargan and Hansen OIR tests. na: not applicable because for the computation of net effects and/or thresholds, at least one estimated coefficient is not significant. The mean of fixed broadband is 0.714. Values in parentheses are standard errors for the estimated coefficients and p-values for the information criteria (i.e. AR, Sargan, Hansen, DHT and IV tests). Lagged outcome variables are included in the regressions
Source(s): Authors own creation
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