Table 3

Convergent validity and reliability assessment

ConstructsItemsλIIRCRαCRelAVE
Positive interdependencePID10.8250.825–0.8170.8250.626
PID30.7910.69124.083***   
PID40.8440.73620.419***   
Promotive interactionsPI10.7850.647–0.8330.8410.621
PI20.8530.75114.628***   
PI30.8650.76413.441***   
PI40.8710.68511.215***   
PI60.8390.71910.619***   
Individual and group accountabilityIGA10.7950.603–0.9150.9210.583
IGA30.9170.83527.094***   
IGA40.8050.81326.147***   
IGA50.8180.69224.701***   
IGA60.8610.80123.117***   
Social and interpersonal skillsSS10.7660.662–0.8470.8530.651
SS20.9260.71113.825***   
SS30.7510.80412.447***   
SS50.8140.67110.511***   
SS60.7330.6859.713***   
SS70.8370.6928.528***   
SS80.8280.8166.901***   
Group processingGP10.8210.733–0.9110.9200.644
GP20.8550.68825.301***   
GP40.8310.65924.633***   
GP50.8620.72522.117***   
GP60.9200.78820.413***   
Cooperative learningCL10.8350.638–0.8180.8340.623
CL20.9080.64428.471***   
CL30.8100.82927.101***   
CL40.9110.71925.318***   
Academic performanceAP10.8340.658–0.8220.8270.631
AP20.8260.81410.602***   

Note(s): CR is fixed. ***p < 0.001, λ = standardised factor loadings, IIR = Individual items reliabilities, CR = Critical ratios, α = Cronbach's alpha, CRel = Composite reliability, AVE = Average variance extracted

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