Data extraction summary of the included studies on nonhealthcare workers – adherence to the MDP among workers: a systematic review
| First author, et al. (year) | Country | Study type | Sample | Type of workers | A priori method used | Adherence to the MDP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factory workers | ||||||
| Uzhovaet al. (2018) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 1,798 male adults (range: 40–55 years) | Workers at an automobile assembly plant (from Aragon Workers' Health Cohort Study) | Alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED) score [range: from 0 to 9] | No plaque in femorals: m ± SD = 4.4 ± 1.7 No plaque in carotids: m ± SD = 4.2 ± 1.7 No coronary artery calcification: m ± SD = 4.3 ± 1.7 |
| Mateo-Gallego et al. (2017) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 2,588 adults (94.9% males; mean age of 51.3 ± 3.9 years; range: 40–60 years) | Workers at an automobile assembly plant (from Aragon Workers' Health Cohort Study) | Alternative Mediterranean diet (aMED) score [range: from 0 to 9] | Overall: m ± SD = 4.2 ± 1.7 Males: m ± SD = 4.2 ± 1.7 Females: m ± SD = 4.2 ± 1.7 |
| Sotos-Prieto et al.(2015b) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 988 adults (range: 40–55 years) | Workers at an automobile assembly plant (from Aragon Workers' Health Cohort Study) | Mediterranean lifestyle index (MEDLIFE) [range: from 0 to 28] | Overall: m ± SD = 11.3 ± 2.6 |
| Kenđel Jovanović et al. (2020) | Croatia | Cross-sectional | 366 adults (51.6% males; 63.9% with <40 years; 36.1% with ≥40 years) | Employees at the oil and gas company | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 9] | Low adherence (0–3 points): n = 150 (41.0%) Moderate adherence (4–5 points): n = 144 (39.3%) High adherence (6–9 points): n = 72 (19.7%) |
| Pavičić Žeželj et al. (2018) | Croatia | Cross-sectional | 366 adults (51.6% males; mean age of 37.2 ± 8.6 years) | Employees at the oil and gas company | Mediterranean lifestyle index (MEDLIFE) [range: from 0 to 28] | Males: m ± SD = 13.1 ± 2.8 Females: m ± SD = 14.5 ± 2.5 |
| Kanauchi and Kanauchi (2015) | Japan | Cross-sectional | 433 male adults (mean age of 45.3 ± 7.0 years; range: 30–62 years) | Workers at an electronic products factory | Mediterranean-style diet (MED) score [range: from 0 to 11] | Nonhypertension: m ± SD = 5.2 ± 1.5 |
| Leighton et al. (2009) | Chile | Nonrandomized uncontrolled trial | 145 adults (88.7% males; mean age of 39 years) | Workers of a metalmechanic company servicing the mining industry | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 14] | At baseline Overall: m ± SD = 4.8 ± 1.4 |
| Firefighters | ||||||
| Romero Cabrera et al. (2021) | United States | Cross-sectional | 258 adults (94% males; mean age of 48.8 ± 7.6 years) | Firefighters (from feeding America’s bravest cluster-randomized controlled trial) | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) [range: from 0 to 51] | Overall: m ± SD = 24.3 ± 6.2 |
| Romanidou et al. (2020) | United States | Cross-sectional | 460 adults (94.4% males; mean age of 46.7 ± 8.3 years) | Firefighters (from feeding America’s bravest cluster-randomized controlled trial) | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) [range: from 0 to 51] | Overall: m ± SD = 21.9 ± 6.7 |
| Sotos-Prieto et al. (2020) | United States | Randomized Controlled trial | 48 adults (intervention group: 91.7% males and mean age of 47.5% ± 6.7 years; control group: 95.8% males and mean age of 47.6 ± 8.6 years) | Firefighters (from feeding America’s bravest cluster-randomized controlled trial) | Modified Mediterranean diet Score (mMDS) [range: from 0 to 51] PREDIMED questionnaire [range: from 0 to 14] | mMDS (at time point 1) Control Group: m ± SD = 26.1 ± 2.1 PREDIMED questionnaire (at time point 1) Control Group: m ± SD = 6.6 ± 2.1 |
| Sotos-Prieto et al. (2019) | United States | Randomized Controlled trial | 420 adults (94.7% males, mean age of 48.4 ± 8.3 years) | Firefighters (from feeding America’s bravest cluster-randomized controlled trial) | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) [range: from 0 to 51] | At baseline Overall: m ± SD = 24.1 ± 5.7 |
| Lan et al. (2020) | United States | Cross-sectional | 92 adults (96.8% males, mean age of 25.6 ± 5.1 years) | Firefighters (from fire recruit health study) | PREDIMED questionnaire [range: from 0 to 14] | High adherence (9–14 points): n = 24 (26.2%) Low adherence (0–8 points): n = 68 (73.9%) |
| Yang et al. (2014) | United States | Cross-sectional | 780 male adults (range: >18 years) | Firefighters (from a North American cohort) | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) [range: from o to 42] | Overall: m ± SD = 21.3 ± 5.6 |
| Militaries | ||||||
| Mullie et al. (2013) | Belgium | Cross-sectional | 1,852 male adults (range: 20–59 years) | Military men | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 9] | Low adherence (0–3 points): n = 694 (38.3%) Moderate adherence (4–6 points): n = 803 (52.5%) High (7–9 points): n = 108 (9.2%) |
| Mullie et al. (2011) | Belgium | Cross-sectional | 1,852 male adults (range: 20–59 years) | Military men | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 9] | Low adherence (0–3 points): n = 694 (38.3%) Moderate adherence (4–6 points): n = 803 (52.5%) High adherence (7–9 points): n = 108 (9.2%) |
| Mullie et al. (2010) | Belgium | Cross-sectional | 1,852 male adults (range: 20–59 years) | Military men | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 9] | Q1: range = 0–2, n = 344 Q3: range = 4, n = 379 Q5: range = 6–9, n = 406 |
| Office/company employees | ||||||
| Franco et al. (2021) | Spain | Cohort | 297 adults (50.2% males; mean age of 42.8 ± 7.8 years; range: 24–63 years) | Office employees participating in a health promotion program | PREDIMED questionnaire | At baseline (before pandemic) Non-Mediterranean diet followers (0–8 points): n =135 (45.5%) Mediterranean diet followers (≥9 points): n = 162 (54.5%) |
| Di Lorenzo et al. (2021) | Italy | Cross-sectional | 147 female adults (mean age of 46.0 ± 8.9 years among healthcare workers, and mean age of 44.0 ± 10.0 years among nonhealthcare workers) | Female employees of public companies | Mediterranean dietscore (MDS) [range: from 0 to 55] | Healthcare workers: m ± SD = 35.8 ± 4.7 Nonhealthcare workers: m ± SD = 34.1 ± 3.7 |
| Calderón García et al. (2021) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 634 adults (67.7% males; median age of 41.3 years among males, and median age of 40.2 years among females) | Workers of a company | Modified PREDIMED questionnaire [range: from 0 to 13] | Low adherence (0–7 points): 29.3% High adherence (8–13 points): 71.2% |
| Álvarez-Fernández et al. (2021) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 1,609 adults (50.0% males; mean age of 48.0 ± 8.3 years among local government workers, and mean age of 41.1 ± 10.2 years among workers at risk of social exclusion) | Working population from the city hall | Mediterranean diet Adherence screener (MEDAS) [range: from 0 to 14] | Overall: m ± SD = 7.7 ± 2.0 High adherence (≥9 points): n = 565 (35.1%) |
| Papadaki et al. (2015) | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | 590 adults (27.5% males; mean age of 43.8 ± 11.1 years; range: 18–65 years) | Employees in business and professional services companies and local government branches | Mediterranean dietscore (MDS) [range: from 0 to 55] | Overall: m ± SD = 33.8 ± 5.4 Low adherence (0–20 points): n = 3 (0.5%) Moderate adherence (21–35 points): n = 356 (60.6%) High adherence (36–55 points): n = 228 (38.8%) |
| University staff | ||||||
| Viroliet al. (2021) | Portugal | Cross-sectional | 102 adults (48% males; mean age of 47 years; range: 24–69 years) | Workers of a public university (from iMC SALT randomized controlled trial) | Alternative Mediterranean diet (aMED) score [range: from 0 to 9] | Low-to-moderate adherence (0–5 points): n = 75 (73.5%) High adherence (6–9 points): n = 27 (26.5%) |
| Caparello et al. (2020) | Italy | Cross-sectional | 340 adults (45.9% males; mean age of 46.8 ± 10.6 years; range: 24–67 years) | University staff | Mediterranean diet Adherence screener (MEDAS) [range: from 0 to 14] | Overall: m ± SD = 7.3 ± 1.9 Males: m ± SD = 7.4 ± 2.0 Females: m ± SD = 7.3 ± 1.8 |
| Bellissimo et al. (2020) | United States | Cross-sectional | 693 adults (35% males; mean age of 48.9 ± 11.5 years) | Metropolitan university and health care system employees | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 9] | Lean group: m ± SD = 4.6 ± 0.2 |
| Ferranti et al. (2013) | United States | Cross-sectional | 640 adults (32.3% males; mean age of 48.0 ± 11.2 years) | Employees of the university and academic health center | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 9] | Overall: m ± SD = 4.4 ± 1.8 |
| Other workers | ||||||
| Martin et al. (2016) | Ireland | Cross-sectional | 41 male adults (mean age of 56.7 ± 9.8 years; range: 35–72 years) | Taxi drivers | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) [range: from 0 to 10] | Overall: m ± SD = 4.6 ± 2.2 |
| Moreno Linares et al. (2015) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 144 adults (61.1% males; mean age of 26.9 ± 4.7 years; range: 18–44 years) | People working in nightlife | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 9] | Overall high adherence: 12.5% |
| Pavičić Žeželj et al. (2019) | Croatia | Cross-sectional | 400 adults (68% males; median age of 36 years) | Full-time workers | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 9] | Overall: median = 6, IQR = 2 |
| Hulsegge et al. (2016) | Amsterdam | Cross-sectional | 7,856 adults (30% males; mean age of 47 years; range: 20–70 years) | EPIC-MORGEN and EPIC-PROSPECT cohorts participants | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) [range: from 0 to 9] | Day workers: median = 5, IQR = 4–6 Shift workers: median = 5, IQR = 4–6 |
| First author, | Country | Study type | Sample | Type of workers | Adherence to the MDP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | Cross-sectional | 1,798 male adults (range: 40–55 years) | Workers at an automobile assembly plant (from Aragon Workers' Health Cohort Study) | Alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED) score | No plaque in femorals: m ± SD = 4.4 ± 1.7 | |
| Spain | Cross-sectional | 2,588 adults (94.9% males; mean age of 51.3 ± 3.9 years; range: 40–60 years) | Workers at an automobile assembly plant (from Aragon Workers' Health Cohort Study) | Alternative Mediterranean diet (aMED) score | Overall: m ± SD = 4.2 ± 1.7 | |
| Spain | Cross-sectional | 988 adults (range: 40–55 years) | Workers at an automobile assembly plant (from Aragon Workers' Health Cohort Study) | Mediterranean lifestyle index (MEDLIFE) | Overall: m ± SD = 11.3 ± 2.6 | |
| Croatia | Cross-sectional | 366 adults (51.6% males; 63.9% with <40 years; 36.1% with ≥40 years) | Employees at the oil and gas company | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | Low adherence (0–3 points): | |
| Croatia | Cross-sectional | 366 adults (51.6% males; mean age of 37.2 ± 8.6 years) | Employees at the oil and gas company | Mediterranean lifestyle index (MEDLIFE) | Males: m ± SD = 13.1 ± 2.8 | |
| Japan | Cross-sectional | 433 male adults (mean age of 45.3 ± 7.0 years; range: 30–62 years) | Workers at an electronic products factory | Mediterranean-style diet (MED) score | Nonhypertension: m ± SD = 5.2 ± 1.5 | |
| Chile | Nonrandomized uncontrolled trial | 145 adults (88.7% males; mean age of 39 years) | Workers of a metalmechanic company servicing the mining industry | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | At baseline | |
| United States | Cross-sectional | 258 adults (94% males; mean age of 48.8 ± 7.6 years) | Firefighters (from feeding America’s bravest cluster-randomized controlled trial) | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) | Overall: m ± SD = 24.3 ± 6.2 | |
| United States | Cross-sectional | 460 adults (94.4% males; mean age of 46.7 ± 8.3 years) | Firefighters (from feeding America’s bravest cluster-randomized controlled trial) | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) | Overall: m ± SD = 21.9 ± 6.7 | |
| United States | Randomized | 48 adults (intervention group: 91.7% males and mean age of 47.5% ± 6.7 years; control group: 95.8% males and mean age of 47.6 ± 8.6 years) | Firefighters (from feeding America’s bravest cluster-randomized controlled trial) | Modified Mediterranean diet | mMDS (at time point 1) | |
| United States | Randomized | 420 adults (94.7% males, mean age of 48.4 ± 8.3 years) | Firefighters (from feeding America’s bravest cluster-randomized controlled trial) | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) | At baseline | |
| United States | Cross-sectional | 92 adults (96.8% males, mean age of 25.6 ± 5.1 years) | Firefighters (from fire recruit health study) | PREDIMED questionnaire | High adherence (9–14 points): | |
| United States | Cross-sectional | 780 male adults (range: >18 years) | Firefighters (from a North American cohort) | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) | Overall: m ± SD = 21.3 ± 5.6 | |
| Belgium | Cross-sectional | 1,852 male adults (range: 20–59 years) | Military men | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | Low adherence (0–3 points): | |
| Belgium | Cross-sectional | 1,852 male adults (range: 20–59 years) | Military men | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | Low adherence (0–3 points): | |
| Belgium | Cross-sectional | 1,852 male adults (range: 20–59 years) | Military men | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | Q1: range = 0–2, | |
| Spain | Cohort | 297 adults (50.2% males; mean age of 42.8 ± 7.8 years; range: 24–63 years) | Office employees participating in a health promotion program | PREDIMED questionnaire | At baseline (before pandemic) | |
| Italy | Cross-sectional | 147 female adults (mean age of 46.0 ± 8.9 years among healthcare workers, and mean age of 44.0 ± 10.0 years among nonhealthcare workers) | Female employees of public companies | Mediterranean dietscore (MDS) | Healthcare workers: m ± SD = 35.8 ± 4.7 | |
| Spain | Cross-sectional | 634 adults (67.7% males; median age of 41.3 years among males, and median age of 40.2 years among females) | Workers of a company | Modified PREDIMED questionnaire | Low adherence (0–7 points): 29.3% | |
| Spain | Cross-sectional | 1,609 adults (50.0% males; mean age of 48.0 ± 8.3 years among local government workers, and mean age of 41.1 ± 10.2 years among workers at risk of social exclusion) | Working population from the city hall | Mediterranean diet | Overall: m ± SD = 7.7 ± 2.0 | |
| United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | 590 adults (27.5% males; mean age of 43.8 ± 11.1 years; range: 18–65 years) | Employees in business and professional services companies and local government branches | Mediterranean dietscore (MDS) | Overall: m ± SD = 33.8 ± 5.4 | |
| Portugal | Cross-sectional | 102 adults (48% males; mean age of 47 years; range: 24–69 years) | Workers of a public university (from iMC SALT randomized controlled trial) | Alternative Mediterranean diet (aMED) score | Low-to-moderate adherence (0–5 points): | |
| Italy | Cross-sectional | 340 adults (45.9% males; mean age of 46.8 ± 10.6 years; range: 24–67 years) | University staff | Mediterranean diet | Overall: m ± SD = 7.3 ± 1.9 | |
| United States | Cross-sectional | 693 adults (35% males; mean age of 48.9 ± 11.5 years) | Metropolitan university and health care system employees | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | Lean group: m ± SD = 4.6 ± 0.2 | |
| United States | Cross-sectional | 640 adults (32.3% males; mean age of 48.0 ± 11.2 years) | Employees of the university and academic health center | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | Overall: m ± SD = 4.4 ± 1.8 | |
| Ireland | Cross-sectional | 41 male adults (mean age of 56.7 ± 9.8 years; range: 35–72 years) | Taxi drivers | Modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) | Overall: m ± SD = 4.6 ± 2.2 | |
| Spain | Cross-sectional | 144 adults (61.1% males; mean age of 26.9 ± 4.7 years; range: 18–44 years) | People working in nightlife | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | Overall high adherence: 12.5% | |
| Croatia | Cross-sectional | 400 adults (68% males; median age of 36 years) | Full-time workers | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | Overall: median = 6, IQR = 2 | |
| Amsterdam | Cross-sectional | 7,856 adults (30% males; mean age of 47 years; range: 20–70 years) | EPIC-MORGEN and EPIC-PROSPECT cohorts participants | Mediterranean diet score (MDS) | Day workers: median = 5, IQR = 4–6 | |
Notes:
MDP = Mediterranean dietary pattern; m = mean score; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range; n = absolute frequency
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