Table 2 Definitions and categorisations...

Table 2

Definitions and categorisations of transport flexibility

Transport flexibility-based measure	Brief definition	Supporting literature
1. Internal flexibility
Mode flexibility	Ability to provide different modes of transport	Naim et al. (2006), andMason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Fleet flexibility	Ability to provide different vehicle types and/or vehicles	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Vehicle flexibility	Ability to configure vehicles to address diverse demand	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Node flexibility	Ability to introduce new nodes or terminate old nodes in a network	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Link flexibility	Ability to establish new links in a network	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Temporal flexibility	Ability to balance the provision of transport infrastructure with its use	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Routing flexibility	Ability to accommodate variations in traffic demand	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Capacity flexibility	Ability to accommodate different routes	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Communication flexibility	Ability to manage different types of information	Naim et al. (2006) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Organisational flexibility	Ability to align the labour force, including changes to tasks and the number of workers	Rogerson et al. (2022)
Horizontal inter-organisational flexibility	Degree to which the use of infrastructure can be coordinated between users (e.g. alliances)	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Speed flexibility	Ability to accelerate or decelerate transport	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Service flexibility	Ability to buffer service levels by adjusting delivery windows	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Mobility flexibility	Ability to switch vessels to other geographic areas	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Ownership flexibility	Ability to utilise outsourced agents to minimise risk of asset exposure due to under-utilisation (e.g. in charter agreements)	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
2. External flexibility		Naim et al. (2006)
Product flexibility	Range of and ability to provide new transport services	Naim et al. (2006)
Mix flexibility	Range of and ability to change the transport services being provided	Naim et al. (2006)
Volume flexibility	Ability to accommodate variations in transport demand	Naim et al. (2006)
Delivery flexibility	Ability to change delivery dates	Naim et al. (2006)
Access flexibility	Ability to provide extensive distribution coverage	Naim et al. (2006)
Supply flexibility	Ability to shift or use multiple production sites and/or supply sources	Rogerson et al. (2022)

Transport flexibility-based measure	Brief definition	Supporting literature
1. Internal flexibility
Mode flexibility	Ability to provide different modes of transport	Naim et al. (2006), andMason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Fleet flexibility	Ability to provide different vehicle types and/or vehicles	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Vehicle flexibility	Ability to configure vehicles to address diverse demand	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Node flexibility	Ability to introduce new nodes or terminate old nodes in a network	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Link flexibility	Ability to establish new links in a network	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Temporal flexibility	Ability to balance the provision of transport infrastructure with its use	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Routing flexibility	Ability to accommodate variations in traffic demand	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Capacity flexibility	Ability to accommodate different routes	Naim et al. (2006), Rogerson et al. (2022) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Communication flexibility	Ability to manage different types of information	Naim et al. (2006) and Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Organisational flexibility	Ability to align the labour force, including changes to tasks and the number of workers	Rogerson et al. (2022)
Horizontal inter-organisational flexibility	Degree to which the use of infrastructure can be coordinated between users (e.g. alliances)	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Speed flexibility	Ability to accelerate or decelerate transport	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Service flexibility	Ability to buffer service levels by adjusting delivery windows	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Mobility flexibility	Ability to switch vessels to other geographic areas	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
Ownership flexibility	Ability to utilise outsourced agents to minimise risk of asset exposure due to under-utilisation (e.g. in charter agreements)	Mason and Nair (2013a, 2013b)
2. External flexibility		Naim et al. (2006)
Product flexibility	Range of and ability to provide new transport services	Naim et al. (2006)
Mix flexibility	Range of and ability to change the transport services being provided	Naim et al. (2006)
Volume flexibility	Ability to accommodate variations in transport demand	Naim et al. (2006)
Delivery flexibility	Ability to change delivery dates	Naim et al. (2006)
Access flexibility	Ability to provide extensive distribution coverage	Naim et al. (2006)
Supply flexibility	Ability to shift or use multiple production sites and/or supply sources	Rogerson et al. (2022)

Source(s): Table by authors

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