Table A1 Measurement model statistics...

Table A1

Measurement model statistics for reflective constructs

Constructs/Items	VIF	Item loadings	CR	AVE
Negative electronic word of mouth¹
NE1-Many people are talking bad about the new WhatsApp privacy policy online	2.06	0.81	0.90	0.65
NE2-On social media. there is unrest among WhatsApp users due to changes in their privacy policy	1.80	0.78
NE3-People are giving negative remarks online regarding WhatsApp new privacy policy	2.13	0.83
NE4-People online are critical of WhatsApp's new privacy policy	1.92	0.81
NE5-People are recommending others online not to use WhatsApp due to change in the privacy policy	1.88	0.80
Privacy invasion
PI1-I feel uncomfortable that my use of WhatsApp can be easily monitored	1.49	0.82	0.85	0.66
PI2-I feel my privacy can be compromised because of sharing my WhatsApp data with Facebook	1.40	0.76
PI3-I feel that my communication and other personal information from WhatsApp can be misused by Facebook	1.61	0.84
Word of mouth/social norms
SN1-My friends and/or relatives warn me not to use WhatsApp due to the change in their terms and privacy policy	1.89	0.86	0.90	0.75
SN2-My friends and/or relatives complain about the privacy implications of using WhatsApp	1.94	0.86
SN3-My friends and/or relatives are talking negatively about the new WhatsApp policy	1.94	0.87
Distrust
DT1-I am not sure if WhatsApp would act in my best interest after a change in the privacy policy	1.61	0.78	0.88	0.65
DT2-I suspect that WhatsApp is just interested in its own benefit and not in my well-being	1.73	0.80
DT3-I am worried about whether WhatsApp would be truthful in dealing with my data after the implementation of the new policy	1.80	0.82
DT4-It is uncertain whether WhatsApp/Facebook would keep its commitment of safeguarding my privacy	1.83	0.82
Structural assurance²
SA1-WhatsApp provides enough safeguard to make me feel comfortable using it	1.90	0.86	0.88	0.59
SA2-WhatsApp provide a robust and safe environment for communication	1.54	0.67
SA3-I am sure that legal and technological structures adequately protect me	1.57	0.73
SA4-WhatsApp's end-to-end encryption will ensure my data privacy after the new policy implemented	1.74	0.75
SA5-WhatsApp will make sure that my personal data is safe even after the new policy implemented	1.83	0.80
Use habit
UH1-Using WhatsApp has become automatic to me	1.37	0.80	0.80	0.57
UH2-Using WhatsApp is natural to me	1.19	0.73
UH3-When I need to interact with others and express emotions, experiences, or thoughts, using WhatsApp is an obvious choice for me	1.24	0.73
Switching cost
SC1-There is a lot for me to lose if I switch from WhatsApp to another messaging application	1.52	0.83	0.84	0.64
SC2-It will take me a lot of time and/or effort to switch to another messaging application	1.33	0.78
SC3-I will lose a lot of relationship capital if I shift to another application other than WhatsApp	1.47	0.79
Affective commitment
AC1-I feel “emotionally attached” to WhatsApp	1.83	0.85	0.89	0.72
AC2-I feel a strong connection with WhatsApp	1.67	0.84
AC3-WhatsApp has a great deal of attraction for me	1.77	0.85
Discontinuance intention
DI1-I will discontinue using WhatsApp	2.27	0.89	0.92	0.80
DI2-I would stop using WhatsApp	2.48	0.90
DI3-I plan to stop using WhatsApp	2.54	0.90

Constructs/Items	VIF	Item loadings	CR	AVE
Negative electronic word of mouth¹
NE1-Many people are talking bad about the new WhatsApp privacy policy online	2.06	0.81	0.90	0.65
NE2-On social media. there is unrest among WhatsApp users due to changes in their privacy policy	1.80	0.78
NE3-People are giving negative remarks online regarding WhatsApp new privacy policy	2.13	0.83
NE4-People online are critical of WhatsApp's new privacy policy	1.92	0.81
NE5-People are recommending others online not to use WhatsApp due to change in the privacy policy	1.88	0.80
Privacy invasion
PI1-I feel uncomfortable that my use of WhatsApp can be easily monitored	1.49	0.82	0.85	0.66
PI2-I feel my privacy can be compromised because of sharing my WhatsApp data with Facebook	1.40	0.76
PI3-I feel that my communication and other personal information from WhatsApp can be misused by Facebook	1.61	0.84
Word of mouth/social norms
SN1-My friends and/or relatives warn me not to use WhatsApp due to the change in their terms and privacy policy	1.89	0.86	0.90	0.75
SN2-My friends and/or relatives complain about the privacy implications of using WhatsApp	1.94	0.86
SN3-My friends and/or relatives are talking negatively about the new WhatsApp policy	1.94	0.87
Distrust
DT1-I am not sure if WhatsApp would act in my best interest after a change in the privacy policy	1.61	0.78	0.88	0.65
DT2-I suspect that WhatsApp is just interested in its own benefit and not in my well-being	1.73	0.80
DT3-I am worried about whether WhatsApp would be truthful in dealing with my data after the implementation of the new policy	1.80	0.82
DT4-It is uncertain whether WhatsApp/Facebook would keep its commitment of safeguarding my privacy	1.83	0.82
Structural assurance²
SA1-WhatsApp provides enough safeguard to make me feel comfortable using it	1.90	0.86	0.88	0.59
SA2-WhatsApp provide a robust and safe environment for communication	1.54	0.67
SA3-I am sure that legal and technological structures adequately protect me	1.57	0.73
SA4-WhatsApp's end-to-end encryption will ensure my data privacy after the new policy implemented	1.74	0.75
SA5-WhatsApp will make sure that my personal data is safe even after the new policy implemented	1.83	0.80
Use habit
UH1-Using WhatsApp has become automatic to me	1.37	0.80	0.80	0.57
UH2-Using WhatsApp is natural to me	1.19	0.73
UH3-When I need to interact with others and express emotions, experiences, or thoughts, using WhatsApp is an obvious choice for me	1.24	0.73
Switching cost
SC1-There is a lot for me to lose if I switch from WhatsApp to another messaging application	1.52	0.83	0.84	0.64
SC2-It will take me a lot of time and/or effort to switch to another messaging application	1.33	0.78
SC3-I will lose a lot of relationship capital if I shift to another application other than WhatsApp	1.47	0.79
Affective commitment
AC1-I feel “emotionally attached” to WhatsApp	1.83	0.85	0.89	0.72
AC2-I feel a strong connection with WhatsApp	1.67	0.84
AC3-WhatsApp has a great deal of attraction for me	1.77	0.85
Discontinuance intention
DI1-I will discontinue using WhatsApp	2.27	0.89	0.92	0.80
DI2-I would stop using WhatsApp	2.48	0.90
DI3-I plan to stop using WhatsApp	2.54	0.90

Note(s): ¹ Items NE1, NE3 and NE5 were adapted from Prasad et al. (2017) while NE2 and NE4 were self-generated

² Items SA1 to SA3 were adapted from Chai et al. (2011) and items SA4 and SA5 were self-generated

[ViewLarge]

Sharing Unavailable