Table 1. Narcissistic traits linked to...

Table 1.

Narcissistic traits linked to entrepreneurs as summarized from the literature

Narcissistic traits	Description	References
Inflated positive view of self	This view of self and “overconfidence” is seen as central to entrepreneurship	Liu et al. (2019), Navis and Ozbek (2016)
	Overconfident	Martinsen et al. (2019)
	Inflated sense of self	Macenczak et al. (2016)
	Inflated and positive view of self	Twenge et al. (2008)
	Described as self-efficacy (big component of entrepreneurial personalities)	Mathieu and St-Jean (2013)
	Self-confidence	O’Reilly et al. (2014)
Self-enhancement	Positive self-view	Liu et al. (2019, p. 496)
	Attention-seeking and taking credit from others	Twenge et al. (2008)
	Low empathy	O’Reilly et al. (2014)
	Risk-takers	Miller (2015), Chatterjee and Hambrick (2007); Foo (2011), Holland and Shepherd (2013)
Superiority	Authority	Liu et al. (2019, p. 496)
	The need to dominate the environment	Gerstner et al. (2013)
	Described as dominant and have a high need to control and have power	Martinsen et al. (2019)
	Feelings of superiority	Macenczak et al. (2016)
	Dominance	O’Reilly et al. (2014)
Entitlement	Entitlement	Liu et al. (2019, p. 496)
	Feelings of entitlement	Macenczak et al. (2016)
	Sense of entitlement	O’Reilly et al. (2014)
Exhibitionism	Strong need for validation and applause from others	Liu et al. (2019, p. 496)
	Constant desire for admiration	Macenczak et al. (2016)
	Social extraversion which is more linked with exhibition and public displays for attention and praise than for the sake of forming emotional connections with people	Twenge et al. (2008)
	Grandiosity	O’Reilly et al. (2014)

Narcissistic traits	Description	References
Inflated positive view of self	This view of self and “overconfidence” is seen as central to entrepreneurship	Liu et al. (2019), Navis and Ozbek (2016)
	Overconfident	Martinsen et al. (2019)
	Inflated sense of self	Macenczak et al. (2016)
	Inflated and positive view of self	Twenge et al. (2008)
	Described as self-efficacy (big component of entrepreneurial personalities)	Mathieu and St-Jean (2013)
	Self-confidence	O’Reilly et al. (2014)
Self-enhancement	Positive self-view	Liu et al. (2019, p. 496)
	Attention-seeking and taking credit from others	Twenge et al. (2008)
	Low empathy	O’Reilly et al. (2014)
	Risk-takers	Miller (2015), Chatterjee and Hambrick (2007); Foo (2011), Holland and Shepherd (2013)
Superiority	Authority	Liu et al. (2019, p. 496)
	The need to dominate the environment	Gerstner et al. (2013)
	Described as dominant and have a high need to control and have power	Martinsen et al. (2019)
	Feelings of superiority	Macenczak et al. (2016)
	Dominance	O’Reilly et al. (2014)
Entitlement	Entitlement	Liu et al. (2019, p. 496)
	Feelings of entitlement	Macenczak et al. (2016)
	Sense of entitlement	O’Reilly et al. (2014)
Exhibitionism	Strong need for validation and applause from others	Liu et al. (2019, p. 496)
	Constant desire for admiration	Macenczak et al. (2016)
	Social extraversion which is more linked with exhibition and public displays for attention and praise than for the sake of forming emotional connections with people	Twenge et al. (2008)
	Grandiosity	O’Reilly et al. (2014)

Source: Own compilation

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