Table 2

Data sources and use

Type of dataSourcesUse in the analysis (e.g. gathering, triangulating)
Archival sourcesAutomotive industry documents: industry reports [2], history books [3], online (archival) newspaper and journal articles and webpages [15], documentaries [1], books and publications about industry [2]. Total pages: 1,100
Various public libraries archives, specifically relevant national and local newspapers: La Repubblica, 2005–2015; Corriere della Sera, 2005–2015; La Stampa, 2005–2015. Total pages: 40
Corporate internal documents: reports [6], technical memos [2], and corporate presentations [5]: Total pages: 150
Familiarize with the history and evolution of TQM practices, in particular with the WCM standards and practices. Frame the plant in the global context of car making
Put together the reorganization of the plant and its role in the introduction of quality practices. Clarify event timelines
InterviewsPreliminary interviews with top managers company headquarter. Recorded time: 2.5 h (43 pages of transcribed text)Integrate and cross-check archival sources related to TQM introduction. Familiarize with strategic, managerial, and operating issues connected with the reorganization occurred in the plant
 Semi-structured interviews with factory managers and workforce in the plant: functional managers and various workforce positions (team leaders, supervisors) interviewed. Recorded time: 3.5 h (65 pages of transcribed text)Investigate the mechanisms by which the emergence of TQM elements has been triggered in the plant. Understand how tools, practices and other TQM elements are used and managed through production
ObservationsCorporate visits to the plant: on-site visit through shops and lines, with direct observation of operations and managerial processes (assembly, logistics, metrology, etc.). Duration: 4 h x 2 visitsIntegrate archival and interview evidence with informants' accounts and practices, to improve the understanding of workers' and plant's dynamics, and to support emerging interpretations. Discuss insights from observation, clarify uncertainties regarding tools and practices for quality

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