Table 5

DEBT measures and innovation activity

Dep. variable: DEBTModel 1Model 2Model 3
Panel A: Debt and innovation
INNOV0.022 (4.64)***0.021 (4.76)***0.021 (4.78)***
ASST0.669 (85.6)***0.663 (83.4)***0.663 (83.37)***
EBITDA0.186 (23.14)***0.182 (22.62)***0.182 (22.57)***
TANG0.007–1.270.012 (2.18)**0.012 (2.24)**
INTANG0.003–0.670.004–0.920.004–0.9
DUMREGIONNOYESYES
DUMSECTORNOYESYES
IND × LOMB  0.032 (0.93)*
CONST1.54 (24.16)***1.45 (15.71)***1.44 (15.49)***
R20.8930.8980.898
P > F0.0000.0000.000
RMSE0.3190.3130.313
N1,8261,8261,826
Dep. variable: LEVModel 1Model 2Model 3
Panel B: Leverage and innovation
INNOV_A−26.32 (−10.26)***−26.34 (−10.23)***−26.34 (−10.24)***
EBITDA_A1.36 (191)***1.36 (191)***1.36 (191)***
TANG_A0.29 (47.2)***0.29 (47.2)***0.29 (47.2)***
INTANG_A0.65 (34.1)***0.65 (34.2)***0.65 (34.2)***
DUMREGIONNOYESYES
DUMSECTORNOYESYES
IND × LOMB  −0.124 (−0.9)
CONST0.58 (18.8)***0.69 (2.82)***0.73 (2.91)***
R20.8890.8900.890
P > F0.0000.0000.000
RMSE2.5492.5472.547
N6,9916,9916,991

Note(s): *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01

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