Questionnaires findings on corruption and its dimensions in Iraq
| Variable | Dimensions | Indicators | Relative importance (%) | Average | SD | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corruption | Political corruption | Political violence | 86.2 | 1.660 | 0.717 | 1 |
| Weak political participation | 85.8 | 1.682 | 0.656 | 2 | ||
| Negative political behavior (elite and masses) | 79 | 1.853 | 0.667 | 3 | ||
| Political corruption | 83.2 | 1.732 | 0.597 | 4th | ||
| Economic and financial corruption | Deterioration of agriculture and industry | 90.6 | 1.603 | 0.727 | 1 | |
| Wasting natural resources | 90.4 | 1.639 | 0.678 | 2 | ||
| Unemployment and standard of living | 88 | 1.656 | 0.824 | 3 | ||
| Capital outflow | 86.4 | 1.670 | 0.779 | 4 | ||
| Weak investment environment | 85.1 | 1.750 | 0.715 | 5 | ||
| Decreased percentage of private sector participation | 79.9 | 1.863 | 0.746 | 6 | ||
| Economic and financial corruption | 86.7 | 1.714 | 0.576 | 3rd | ||
| Social and cultural corruption | Lack or weakness of social justice | 88.7 | 1.653 | 0.654 | 1 | |
| Marginalization of middle class | 86.3 | 1.691 | 0.676 | 2 | ||
| Underdevelopment and illiteracy | 86 | 1.743 | 0.781 | 3 | ||
| Weak system of social and cultural values and role of globalization | 83 | 1.744 | 0.646 | 4 | ||
| Political culture of society | 82.8 | 1.815 | 0.731 | 5 | ||
| Gender gap | 74.1 | 2.033 | 0.876 | 6 | ||
| Social and cultural corruption | 83.5 | 1.780 | 0.583 | 5th | ||
| Administrative corruption | Weak transparency and accountability | 91 | 1.616 | 0.635 | 1 | |
| Weak control | 88.6 | 1.653 | 0.738 | 2 | ||
| Weak governance institutions | 87.8 | 1.683 | 0.650 | 3 | ||
| Weak administrative organization – administrative decentralization | 84.9 | 1.785 | 0.831 | 4 | ||
| Administrative corruption | 88 | 1.684 | 0.592 | 1st | ||
| Environmental corruption | Weak management of sewage and quality of drinkable water | 89.2 | 1.644 | 0.645 | 1 | |
| Weak management of water resources and environmental pollution | 87.8 | 1.666 | 0.625 | 2 | ||
| Neglected treatment of war waste, including mines and weapons | 83.2 | 1.773 | 0.748 | 3 | ||
| Environmental corruption | 86.7 | 1.694 | 0.579 | 2nd | ||
| Corruption | 85.7 | 1.726 | 0.531 |
| Variable | Dimensions | Indicators | Relative importance (%) | Average | SD | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corruption | Political corruption | Political violence | 86.2 | 1.660 | 0.717 | 1 |
| Weak political participation | 85.8 | 1.682 | 0.656 | 2 | ||
| Negative political behavior (elite and masses) | 79 | 1.853 | 0.667 | 3 | ||
| Political corruption | 4th | |||||
| Economic and financial corruption | Deterioration of agriculture and industry | 90.6 | 1.603 | 0.727 | 1 | |
| Wasting natural resources | 90.4 | 1.639 | 0.678 | 2 | ||
| Unemployment and standard of living | 88 | 1.656 | 0.824 | 3 | ||
| Capital outflow | 86.4 | 1.670 | 0.779 | 4 | ||
| Weak investment environment | 85.1 | 1.750 | 0.715 | 5 | ||
| Decreased percentage of private sector participation | 79.9 | 1.863 | 0.746 | 6 | ||
| Economic and financial corruption | 1.714 | 0.576 | 3rd | |||
| Social and cultural corruption | Lack or weakness of social justice | 88.7 | 1.653 | 0.654 | 1 | |
| Marginalization of middle class | 86.3 | 1.691 | 0.676 | 2 | ||
| Underdevelopment and illiteracy | 86 | 1.743 | 0.781 | 3 | ||
| Weak system of social and cultural values and role of globalization | 83 | 1.744 | 0.646 | 4 | ||
| Political culture of society | 82.8 | 1.815 | 0.731 | 5 | ||
| Gender gap | 74.1 | 2.033 | 0.876 | 6 | ||
| Social and cultural corruption | 1.780 | 0.583 | 5th | |||
| Administrative corruption | Weak transparency and accountability | 91 | 1.616 | 0.635 | 1 | |
| Weak control | 88.6 | 1.653 | 0.738 | 2 | ||
| Weak governance institutions | 87.8 | 1.683 | 0.650 | 3 | ||
| Weak administrative organization – administrative decentralization | 84.9 | 1.785 | 0.831 | 4 | ||
| Administrative corruption | 1.684 | 0.592 | 1st | |||
| Environmental corruption | Weak management of sewage and quality of drinkable water | 89.2 | 1.644 | 0.645 | 1 | |
| Weak management of water resources and environmental pollution | 87.8 | 1.666 | 0.625 | 2 | ||
| Neglected treatment of war waste, including mines and weapons | 83.2 | 1.773 | 0.748 | 3 | ||
| Environmental corruption | 1.694 | 0.579 | ||||
| Corruption | 1.726 | 0.531 |
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