Table 1

Overview of suspicion studies in interpersonal and noninterpersonal contexts

StudyIndependent
variable(s)		Dependent
variable(s)		Interpersonal vs
product/brand context
McCornack and Levine (1990) 

  • Suspicion

  • Deception detection

  • Interpersonal

Hilton et al. (1993) 

  • Suspicion

  • Correspondent inferences

  • Interpersonal

Fein and Hilton (1994) 

  • Suspicion

  • Judgment formation

  • Interpersonal

Fein (1996) 

  • Suspicion

  • Attributional thinking

  • Correspondence bias

  • Attitude

  • Interpersonal

Campbell and Kirmani (2000) 

  • Accessibility of ulterior motives

  • Cognitive capacity

  • Salesperson sincerity perception

  • Interpersonal

Marchand and Vonk (2005) 

  • Number of cues

  • Judgment formation (actor evaluation)

  • Interpersonal

DeCarlo (2005) 

  • Salience of ulterior motives: (high vs low)

  • Sales message (stronger vs weaker)

  • Attitude toward the salesperson

  • Purchase intention

  • Interpersonal

Yoon et al. (2006) 

  • Benefit salience of CSR activity

  • Information source

  • Company reputation (good vs bad)

  • CSR/advertising ratio (high vs low)

  • Company evaluations

  • Inferred motives

  • Perceived suspicion

  • Noninterpersonal

Kirmani and Zhu (2007) 

  • Regulatory focus (promotion vs prevention)

  • Salience of manipulative intent (low, moderate or high)

  • Suspicion (externally primed vs not)

  • Brand attitude

  • Perceived quality

  • Depth of processing

  • Noninterpersonal

Main et al. (2007) 

  • Flattery (no flattery control, flattery before purchase, flattery after purchase)

  • Cognitive load (high vs low)

  • Persuasion knowledge

  • Interpersonal

DeCarlo and Barone (2009) 

  • Mood (neutral vs positive)

  • Sales presentation (stronger vs weaker)

  • Purchase intentions

  • Interpersonal (scenario based)

Echebarria-Echabe (2010) 

  • Suspicion (low vs high – Study 1)

  • Argument strength (strong vs weak)

  • Suspicion measured as a dispositional trait – study

  • Attitude acceptance

  • Noninterpersonal (scenario-based)

Sinaceur (2010) 

  • Trust vs distrust

  • Certainty vs uncertainty

  • Suspicion (low vs moderate)

  • Conscious motive attributions

  • Judgment suspension

  • Value creation

  • Interpersonal context (scenario-based and role play)

Ferguson et al. (2011) 

  • Salience of alternative motive (high vs low)

  • Behavior out-of-character

  • Suspicion

  • Response behavior

  • Affect

  • Interpersonal (scenario based)

Kim and Levine (2011) 

  • Suspicion (three levels)

  • Deception detection accuracy

  • Truth-bias

  • Interpersonal (interviews-based)

Craig et al. (2012) 

  • Cognitive load (low vs high)

  • Perceived deceptiveness (believable, moderately deceptive, highly deceptive)

  • Recommendation likelihood

  • Purchase intention

  • Noninterpersonal

DeCarlo et al. (2013) 

  • Salesperson compensation (salary-based vs compensation-based)

  • Product recommendations (no-load vs. load mutual fund)

  • Purchase intention

  • Salesperson trust

  • Suspicion-related attributions

  • Interpersonal (role play-based)

Xie (2016) 

  • Advertising deceptiveness (high vs moderate)

  • Advertising skepticism (high vs low)

  • Intrinsic distrust

  • Generalized suspicion

  • Advertisement-specific suspicion

  • Perceived advertising effectiveness

  • Self-others difference in perceived effectiveness

  • Noninterpersonal (scenario-based)

Zhuang at al. (2018)

  • Manipulation intensity (adding vs deleting online reviews)

  • Product sales

  • Purchase intentions

  • Consumer suspicion

  • Noninterpersonal

Petrescu et al. (2022) 

  • Attitude reviews Suspicion (mediator)

  • Purchase intentions

  • Noninterpersonal

Kollmer et al. (2022) 

  • Suspicion/deception

  • Purchase intention

  • Noninterpersonal

Harrison-Walker and Jiang (2023) 

  • Suspicion (review perceived as fake)

  • Failure to complete the purchase

  • Noninterpersonal

Ko and Bowman (2023) 

  • Brand strength, brand advertising effort, price and sales

  • Likelihood of a suspicious online product review

  • Noninterpersonal

Panigyraki et al. (2024) 

  • Judgment suspension

  • Uncertainty toward the brand (mediator)

  • Product imagery (mediator)

  • Noninterpersonal

Source:

Authors' own work
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