Table 1 Ramifications of COVID-19 No....

Table 1

Ramifications of COVID-19

No.	Ramifications	References
	Time
T1	Delay in handover project	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Shibani (2020), Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021)
T2	Delay in material supply	Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), King et al. (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
T3	Rescheduling project timeline	Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021)
T4	Delay in inspections and securing permits	Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021)
	Financial
F1	Additional cost in providing personal protective equipment (PPE)	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Esa et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), King et al. (2021)
F2	Provide COVID-19 test for workers	Esa et al. (2020), King et al. (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
F3	Cost in appointing COVID-19 health supervisor	Esa et al. (2020)
F4	Cost in providing transportation for workers	Esa et al. (2020), King et al. (2021)
F5	Cash flow problem/late payment	Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Osuizugbo (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), King et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
F6	Increase in material cost	Osuizugbo (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
F7	Suspension of projects/reduced number of planned projects	Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Osuizugbo (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
	Human resources
H1	Reallocation of human resource	Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Hatoum et al. (2021), Iqbal et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
H2	Low productivity	Esa et al. (2020), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
H3	Termination of workers	Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Biswas et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Husien et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Umar (2021)
H4	Work from home challenges	Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021)
H5	Limited access to construction site	Iqbal et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
	Resource availability and accessibility
R1	Material shortage	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Osuizugbo (2020), Shibani (2020), Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), Choi and Staley (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Husien et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021)
R2	Tools and equipment unavailable	Esa et al. (2020), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Choi and Staley (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021)
R3	Lack of labour	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Osuizugbo (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), King et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
	Health and safety prevention
S1	Compulsory body temperature checking	Esa et al. (2020), Shibani (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
S2	Practice social distancing	Esa et al. (2020), Shibani (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Iqbal et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Umar (2021)
S3	Compulsory COVID-19 test for all workers	Esa et al. (2020), Stiles et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
S4	Extra management for workers' accommodation and working schedule as well as site sanitation	Esa et al. (2020),Shibani (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Iqbal et al. (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
S5	Contact tracing	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Esa et al. (2020), Iqbal et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
S6	Provide health and safety education for all workers	Esa et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Iqbal et al. (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
	Regulatory compliance
RC1	Comply with government SOP	Esa et al. (2020), King et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
RC2	Regulatory confusion	Alsharef et al. (2021), Choi and Staley (2021), King et al. (2021)
	Contractual issues
C1	Issues and interruptions in contractual terms	Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Salami et al. (2021)
C2	Increase in disputes, litigation and claims	Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Husien et al. (2021), Salami et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
	Psychological health of employees
P1	Social isolation	Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
P2	Stress about possibility of exposure to virus	Hatoum et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021), Pamidimukkala et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
P3	Job stress and burnout	Hatoum et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
P4	Financial distress	Hatoum et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021)
P5	Personal needs and family conflict	Hatoum et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021), Pamidimukkala et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
	Others
O1	Adoption of new technology	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
O2	Ability to secure loans at low interest	Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021)
O3	Review on improving existing system	Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)

No.	Ramifications	References
	Time
T1	Delay in handover project	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Shibani (2020), Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021)
T2	Delay in material supply	Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), King et al. (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
T3	Rescheduling project timeline	Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021)
T4	Delay in inspections and securing permits	Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021)
	Financial
F1	Additional cost in providing personal protective equipment (PPE)	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Esa et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), King et al. (2021)
F2	Provide COVID-19 test for workers	Esa et al. (2020), King et al. (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
F3	Cost in appointing COVID-19 health supervisor	Esa et al. (2020)
F4	Cost in providing transportation for workers	Esa et al. (2020), King et al. (2021)
F5	Cash flow problem/late payment	Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Osuizugbo (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), King et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
F6	Increase in material cost	Osuizugbo (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
F7	Suspension of projects/reduced number of planned projects	Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Osuizugbo (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
	Human resources
H1	Reallocation of human resource	Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Hatoum et al. (2021), Iqbal et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
H2	Low productivity	Esa et al. (2020), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
H3	Termination of workers	Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Biswas et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Husien et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Umar (2021)
H4	Work from home challenges	Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021)
H5	Limited access to construction site	Iqbal et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
	Resource availability and accessibility
R1	Material shortage	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Osuizugbo (2020), Shibani (2020), Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), Choi and Staley (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Husien et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021)
R2	Tools and equipment unavailable	Esa et al. (2020), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Choi and Staley (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021)
R3	Lack of labour	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Esa et al. (2020), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Osuizugbo (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), King et al. (2021), Majumder and Biswas (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
	Health and safety prevention
S1	Compulsory body temperature checking	Esa et al. (2020), Shibani (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
S2	Practice social distancing	Esa et al. (2020), Shibani (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Iqbal et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Umar (2021)
S3	Compulsory COVID-19 test for all workers	Esa et al. (2020), Stiles et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
S4	Extra management for workers' accommodation and working schedule as well as site sanitation	Esa et al. (2020),Shibani (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Iqbal et al. (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
S5	Contact tracing	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Esa et al. (2020), Iqbal et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
S6	Provide health and safety education for all workers	Esa et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Iqbal et al. (2021), Umar (2021), Zamani et al. (2021)
	Regulatory compliance
RC1	Comply with government SOP	Esa et al. (2020), King et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
RC2	Regulatory confusion	Alsharef et al. (2021), Choi and Staley (2021), King et al. (2021)
	Contractual issues
C1	Issues and interruptions in contractual terms	Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Ogunnusi et al. (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Biswas et al. (2021), Ebekozien et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Kaushal (2021), Salami et al. (2021)
C2	Increase in disputes, litigation and claims	Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Husien et al. (2021), Salami et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
	Psychological health of employees
P1	Social isolation	Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
P2	Stress about possibility of exposure to virus	Hatoum et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021), Pamidimukkala et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
P3	Job stress and burnout	Hatoum et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
P4	Financial distress	Hatoum et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021)
P5	Personal needs and family conflict	Hatoum et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021), Pamidimukkala et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021), Umar (2021)
	Others
O1	Adoption of new technology	Adhikari and Poudyal (2021), Gamil and Alhagar (2020), Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Lingard et al. (2021), Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)
O2	Ability to secure loans at low interest	Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021)
O3	Review on improving existing system	Alsharef et al. (2021), Hatoum et al. (2021), Stiles et al. (2021)

Source(s): Table by authors

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