Table 3 Constructs and scale items...

Table 3

Constructs and scale items

Constructs and scale items	Standardized factor loadings (t-values)
Export venture performance (CR = 0.91, AVE = 0.71)
Regarding the major product line in the host country
1. Your company is satisfied with sales during the past 3 years	0.87^a
2. Your company is satisfied with profitability during the past 3 years	0.71 (12.62)
3. Your company is satisfied with sales growth during the past 3 years	0.92 (18.94)
4. Your company is satisfied with financial goals during the past 3 years	0.86 (17.35)
Export function performance
Please indicate the ratio of exports to total sales
Export intelligence generation (CR = 0.90, AVE = 0.75)
1. We periodically review the likely effect of changes in our export environment (e.g. technology and regulation)	0.78^a
2. We generate a lot of information to understand the forces which influence our overseas customers’ need and performance	0.86 (10.82)
3. We constantly monitor our level of commitment and orientation to serving export customer needs	0.95 (12.70)
Export intelligence dissemination (CR = 0.83, AVE = 0.63)
1. Information about our export competitors’ activities often reaches relevant personnel too late to be of any use. (reversed)	0.70^a
2. Important information concerning export market trends (regulatory, technology) is often discarded as it makes its way along the communication chain. (reversed)	0.94 (10.65)
3. Information regarding the way we serve our export customers takes forever to reach relevant personnel. (reversed)	0.71 (10.36)
Export intelligence responsiveness (CR = 0.82, AVE = 0.61)
1. If a major competitor were to launch an intensive campaign targeted at our foreign customers, we would implement a response immediately	0.86^a
2. We rapidly respond to competitive actions that threaten us in the major export market	0.85 (12.89)
3. We give close attention to after sales service in the major export market	0.60 (9.50)
International channel partner selection through WOM referral (CR = 0.77, AVE = 0.55)
1. Your company often relies on information from other companies in the same industry when selecting foreign sales partners	0.50^a
2. Your company often selects foreign sales partners through business friends	0.78 (3.69)
3. Your company often selects foreign sales partners based on business partners’ recommendations or referrals	0.89 (6.32)
Environmental dynamism [formative indicator]
1. In the export country, customers frequently change their product preferences
2. In the export country, competitors frequently change their strategies
3. In the export country, international channel partners frequently change their strategies
Environmental diversity [formative indicator]
1. There are many competitors in the export country
2. End customers in the export country have different needs from each other
3. There is a wide variety of international channel partners in the export country
Psychic distance [formative indicator]
To which degree do you perceive the following elements to be different between Japan and the major export country? (Seven-point scale from 1 = “very similar” to 7 = “very different”)
1. Level of economic and industrial development
2. Communications infrastructure
3. Marketing infrastructure
4. Technical requirements
5. Market competitiveness
6. Legal regulations
7. Purchasing power of customers
8. Lifestyles
9. Consumer preferences
10. Level of literacy and education
11. Language
12. Cultural values, beliefs, attitudes, and tradition
Firm size
Please indicate the number of full-time employees in your company
Export experience (years of exporting)
Please indicate the period of time since your company started selling export product line items in export countries
Export scope (number of export markets)
Please indicate in how many countries your company sells the export product line item
Instrumental variable (premium product offering)
How do you rate your product line on the following product characteristics compared with your competitors’ characteristics?
1. Prestige or image of the brand (1 = “not high” and 7 = “high”)
2. Price range (1 = “low price range” and 7 = “high price range”)
3. Product quality and performance (1 = “low end” and 7 = “high end”)

Constructs and scale items	Standardized factor loadings (t-values)
Export venture performance (CR = 0.91, AVE = 0.71)
Regarding the major product line in the host country
1. Your company is satisfied with sales during the past 3 years	0.87^a
2. Your company is satisfied with profitability during the past 3 years	0.71 (12.62)
3. Your company is satisfied with sales growth during the past 3 years	0.92 (18.94)
4. Your company is satisfied with financial goals during the past 3 years	0.86 (17.35)
Export function performance
Please indicate the ratio of exports to total sales
Export intelligence generation (CR = 0.90, AVE = 0.75)
1. We periodically review the likely effect of changes in our export environment (e.g. technology and regulation)	0.78^a
2. We generate a lot of information to understand the forces which influence our overseas customers’ need and performance	0.86 (10.82)
3. We constantly monitor our level of commitment and orientation to serving export customer needs	0.95 (12.70)
Export intelligence dissemination (CR = 0.83, AVE = 0.63)
1. Information about our export competitors’ activities often reaches relevant personnel too late to be of any use. (reversed)	0.70^a
2. Important information concerning export market trends (regulatory, technology) is often discarded as it makes its way along the communication chain. (reversed)	0.94 (10.65)
3. Information regarding the way we serve our export customers takes forever to reach relevant personnel. (reversed)	0.71 (10.36)
Export intelligence responsiveness (CR = 0.82, AVE = 0.61)
1. If a major competitor were to launch an intensive campaign targeted at our foreign customers, we would implement a response immediately	0.86^a
2. We rapidly respond to competitive actions that threaten us in the major export market	0.85 (12.89)
3. We give close attention to after sales service in the major export market	0.60 (9.50)
International channel partner selection through WOM referral (CR = 0.77, AVE = 0.55)
1. Your company often relies on information from other companies in the same industry when selecting foreign sales partners	0.50^a
2. Your company often selects foreign sales partners through business friends	0.78 (3.69)
3. Your company often selects foreign sales partners based on business partners’ recommendations or referrals	0.89 (6.32)
Environmental dynamism [formative indicator]
1. In the export country, customers frequently change their product preferences
2. In the export country, competitors frequently change their strategies
3. In the export country, international channel partners frequently change their strategies
Environmental diversity [formative indicator]
1. There are many competitors in the export country
2. End customers in the export country have different needs from each other
3. There is a wide variety of international channel partners in the export country
Psychic distance [formative indicator]
To which degree do you perceive the following elements to be different between Japan and the major export country? (Seven-point scale from 1 = “very similar” to 7 = “very different”)
1. Level of economic and industrial development
2. Communications infrastructure
3. Marketing infrastructure
4. Technical requirements
5. Market competitiveness
6. Legal regulations
7. Purchasing power of customers
8. Lifestyles
9. Consumer preferences
10. Level of literacy and education
11. Language
12. Cultural values, beliefs, attitudes, and tradition
Firm size
Please indicate the number of full-time employees in your company
Export experience (years of exporting)
Please indicate the period of time since your company started selling export product line items in export countries
Export scope (number of export markets)
Please indicate in how many countries your company sells the export product line item
Instrumental variable (premium product offering)
How do you rate your product line on the following product characteristics compared with your competitors’ characteristics?
1. Prestige or image of the brand (1 = “not high” and 7 = “high”)
2. Price range (1 = “low price range” and 7 = “high price range”)
3. Product quality and performance (1 = “low end” and 7 = “high end”)

Note(s): All items were measured using seven-point scales from 1 = “strongly disagree” to 7 = “strongly agree,” unless otherwise indicated. CR = composite reliability. AVE = average variance extracted ^aFixed to the value of 1.00

Source(s): Author’s own creation

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