Table 1

Summary of articles in the review

S. No.StudyArticle typeSample size (N)Sample characteristicsSectorMajor reported limitations (Methodology-related)Host Country(s)/Country(s) where study was carried out
1Templer et al. (2006) Journal article157Global Professionals of varied nationalityMulti-industry
  • -

    Self-reported predictors and criteria

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

Australia
2Ang et al. (2007) Journal articleN1 = 235
N2 = 358		International studentsNo specific sector
  • -

    Limitation in geographic scope

USA and Singapore
3Ward and Fischer (2008) Book chapter346International studentsNo specific sector
  • -

    Self-reported measures

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

–
4Williams (2008) Dissertation295Business expatriates from the USANo specific sector
  • -

    Self-reported data

  • -

    Low response rate

  • -

    Generalisability

USA
5Ward et al. (2009) Journal article118International studentsEducation
  • -

    Self-report measures

New Zealand
6Ramalu et al. (2010) Journal article332Expatriates of varied nationalitiesService, Manufacturing and others
  • -

    Self-reported measures

  • -

    Common method bias problem

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

Malaysia
7Lee and Sukoco (2010) Journal article218Taiwanese expatriatesManufacturing and service industry
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Sample limited to Asia only

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

China, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries
8Nguyen (2010) Dissertation57International studentsEducation
  • -

    Self-reported survey

USA
9Wu and Ang (2011) Journal article169Expatriates of varied nationalitiesNo specific sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Common method biases

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

Singapore
10Moon et al. (2012) Journal article190Korean ExpatriatesElectronic, Chemical, International Trade, Information Technology, Apparel, Automobile
  • -

    Common source bias

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Generalisability concerns due to limited sample

USA, China, Japan, Germany and Hong Kong
11Ramalu et al. (2012) Journal article332Expatriates of varied nationalitiesService, Manufacturing and others
  • -

    Self-report measures

  • -

    Cross-sectional data

Malaysia
12Lu (2012) Dissertation226Expatriates of varied nationalities–
  • -

    Self-reported survey

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

China
13Lin et al. (2012) Journal article295International studentsEducation
  • -

    Self-reported measures

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

Taiwan
14Evans (2012) Dissertation111Expatriates and studentsEducation
  • -

    Single-source data

USA
15Huff (2013) Journal article140SIEs of varied nationalitiesEducation
  • -

    Common method bias

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

Japan
16Lee et al. (2013) Journal article156Taiwanese expatriatesManufacturing and service industry
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Self-reported questionnaire

  • -

    Small sample size

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

China
17Zhang (2013) Dissertation239Australian and Chinese expatriatesMulti-industry
  • -

    Self-reported measures

Australia
18Malek and Budhwar (2013) Journal article134Expatriates of varied nationalitiesNo specific sector
  • -

    Small sample size

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Self-rated

  • -

    Generalisability

Malaysia
19Siamwalla (2013) Journal article387British expatriate–
  • -

    Self-reported survey

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

Thailand
20Klafehn et al. (2013) Journal article50International studentsEducation
  • -

    Self-report measure

USA
21Ng and Tan (2013) Journal article83Expatriates of varied nationalities–
  • -

    Generalisation concerns

Malaysia
22Lee et al. (2014) Journal article256Taiwanese expatriatesIndustrial and Construction
  • -

    Limited sample

China and Vietnam
23Konanahalli et al. (2014) Journal article191British expatriateArchitectural, engineering and construction sector
  • -

    Small sample size

  • -

    Self-reported questionnaires

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

  • -

    Cross-sectional research design

29 different countries (UAE, India, China, South Africa, etc.)
24Huff et al. (2014) Journal article154SIEs of varied nationalitiesEducation
  • -

    Self-report measures

Japan
25Lee and Kartika (2014) Journal article287Expatriates of varied nationalitiesNo specific sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Self-report survey

Taiwan and China
26Chen et al. (2014) Journal article260International studentsEducation
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Common method variance

Taiwan
27Guðmundsdóttir (2015) Journal article178Nordic ExpatriatesNo specific sector
  • -

    Self-report questionnaires

  • -

    Cross-sectional methodology

  • -

    Sample size

USA
28Jyoti and Kour (2015) Journal article225Indian bank managersBanking
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

India
29Chen (2015) Journal article393Foreign labourers from the Philippine IslandsTechnology manufacturing industries
  • -

    Female sample only

  • -

    Common method bias

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

Taiwan
30Diemer (2016) Dissertation88US ExpatriatesNo specific sector
  • -

    Self-reported survey

  • -

    Common method variance

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Generalisability

China
31Grelecka (2016) Dissertation165European expatriates–
  • -

    Self-reported survey

Poland
32Zhang and Oczkowski (2016) Journal article238Australian and Chinese expatriates–
  • -

    Self-reported measures

  • -

    Sample size concerns

Australia and China
33Presbitero (2016) Journal article189International studentsEducation
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

Australia
34Tsay and Liou (2016) Journal article179International studentsEducation–UK and USA
35Nunes et al. (2017) Journal article217Expatriates of varied nationalitiesNo specific sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

Brazil
36Rodsai et al. (2017) Journal article117Thai expatriatesGeneral construction, automotive construction, banking, machinery, fuel industry and others
  • -

    Small and limited sample

Indonesia
37Shu et al. (2017) Journal article355International studentsNo specific sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional research

  • -

    Common method bias

  • -

    Generalisability

  • -

    Limited sample

USA
38Sambasivan et al. (2017) Journal article139Expatriates of varied nationalitiesService, Manufacturing and others
  • -

    Sample limited to a few industries

  • -

    Low sample size

Malaysia
39Chao et al. (2017) Journal article254International studentsEducation
  • -

    Self-reported survey

China
40Wilson et al. (2017) Journal article316Migrants from varied nationalitiesNo specific sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

New Zealand, Canada, USA
41Presbitero (2017) Journal article110Religious expatriatesReligion
  • -

    Self-reported survey

USA, Asia, Europe, Australia
42Jyoti and Kour (2017) Journal article342Indian bank managersBanking
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

India
43Iskhakova (2018) Journal article189International studentsNo specific sector
  • -

    Self-report survey

  • -

    Single-source bias

  • -

    Generalisability

  • -

    Limited sample

Australia
44Uen et al. (2018) Conference Paper118Taiwanese expatriates–––
45Nguyen et al. (2018) Journal article79American studentsEducation
  • -

    Small sample size

USA
46Patrick and Ravindra (2018) Journal article145Expatriates of varied nationalities–
  • -

    Small sample size

India
47Akhal and Liu (2019) Journal article402Professionals of varied nationalitiesNo specific sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Single rater

Mainland China
48Wang et al. (2019) Journal article230Expatriates of varied nationalitiesManufacturing, service, electronic and information technology and trading industry
  • -

    Sample size

Taiwan and China
49Jyoti et al. (2019) Book chapter512Indian bank managersBanking
  • -

    Single source measures

  • -

    Cross-sectional data

India
50Chew et al. (2021) Journal article237Expatriates of varied nationalitiesNo specific sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Single-source data

Southeast Asia, the Arab Gulf states and Australia
51Malek et al. (2019) Journal article105Foreign academics (SIEs)Education
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Single source of data

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

Peninsular Malaysia
52Tantong and Rojjanaprapayon (2019) Conference Paper92Foreign lecturersEducation
  • -

    Self-reported survey

  • -

    Low sample size Generalisability concerns

Thailand
53Sharma and Hussain (2019) Journal article246Northeastern Indian diaspora–
  • -

    Self-reported survey

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

India
54Varela (2019) Journal article98International studentsEducation
  • -

    Sample concerns

Mexico
55Viswanathan et al. (2019) Journal article470Indian expatriatesIT sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Self-reported measures

USA
56Setti et al. (2022) Journal article151Expatriates of varied nationalitiesEnergy
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Self-reported measures

  • -

    Sample size

The Middle East, North America, Europe, Latin America, Africa, Asia, Australia
57Dinglasa (2020) Journal article483Filipino ExpatriatesNo specific sectorNot mentionedSaudi Arabia
58Arokiasamy and Kim (2020) Journal article107Japanese PCNsNo specific sector
  • -

    Self-report survey

  • -

    Sample size

Malaysia
59Mahmud et al. (2020) Journal article103Expatriates of varied nationalitiesMulti-industry
  • -

    Limited sample

Malaysia
60Hu et al. (2020) Journal article247International studentsEducation
  • -

    Single source of data

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Generalisability concerns

Taiwan
61Khan et al. (2020) Journal article202International studentsEducation
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Sample size concerns

–
62Sharma and Hussain (2020) Journal article246Northeast Indian ethnic minority diasporaEducation and Religion
  • -

    Self-reported and cross-sectional data

India
63Kadam et al. (2021) Journal article315Indian employeesIT sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional research

  • -

    Self-report survey

India
64Song et al. (2023) Journal article242Chinese expatriatesNo specific sector
  • -

    Self-report questionnaire

  • -

    Limited sample representation concerns

25 different countries (Brazil, Russia, Saudi Arabia, France, etc.)
65Oh and Jang (2021) Journal article120South Korean SIEsConstruction, manufacturing, service and electronics
  • -

    Self-reported and cross-sectional data

  • -

    Common method variance (CMV)

Vietnam
66Zhang et al. (2021) Journal article387Chinese expatriatesMulti-industry
  • -

    Self-reported

  • -

    Cross-sectional data

Belt and road area (Malaysia, the Philippines, New Zealand and South Africa)
67Presbitero (2021) Journal article215Expatriates of varied nationalities–
  • -

    Cross-sectional data

Australia
68Hong et al. (2021) Journal article194International studentsEducation
  • -

    Sample concerns

  • -

    Cross-sectional data

Malaysia
69Jurásek and Wawrosz (2021) Journal article191International studentsEducation
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Sample concerns

  • -

    Self-reported data

Czech
70Yow et al. (2022) Journal article191Professionals of varied nationalityConstruction
  • -

    Control variables not included

  • -

    Limited generalisability

Australia and Oceania, Asia, Africa, Europe, America
71Kour and Jyoti (2022) Journal article530Indian bank managersBanking
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

India
72Ocampo et al. (2022) Journal articleN1 = 168
N2 = 150		Filipino migrant workersMulti-industry
  • -

    Sample concerns

Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar
73Ayoko et al. (2022) Journal article241Global employees of varied nationalities–
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Small sample

  • -

    Self-reported data

France and the UK
74Tripathi (2022) Dissertation209Indian expatriatesMulti-industry
  • -

    Self-reported data

  • -

    Cross-sectional design

  • -

    Generalisation concerns

30 different countries
75Wawrosz and Jurásek (2023) Journal article189International studentsNo specific sector
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

Czech Republic
76Reed et al. (2023) Journal article126Expatriates of varied nationalities–
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

Switzerland
77Arli et al. (2023) Journal articleN1 = 619
N2 = 569		Citizens and migrants from Australia and IndonesiaMulti-industry
  • -

    Cross-sectional design

Australia and Indonesia

Source(s): Compiled by authors

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