Table 1 Measurement items Construct Item...

Table 1

Measurement items

Construct	Item	Measures	Justification	References
Performance expectancy (PE)	PE1	I find OSS very useful in my daily life	The expectation of enhancement of the outcomes is the necessary condition of the users’ intention of adopting the technology. Individuals are more willing to use the technology when they anticipate a better performance with the assistance of it	Venkatesh et al. (2003, 2016), Compeau and Higgins (1995)
	PE2	Using OSS helps me get things done faster
	PE3	Using OSS can increase my productivity
	PE4	The use of OSS has helped me to complete my studies
Effort expectancy (EE)	EE1	Learning to use OSS was easy for me	The expectation of ease of use and low complexity would affect the intention of the students to incorporate OSS in their learning	Venkatesh et al. (2003)
	EE2	When I use OSS, I feel that the operation is simple and straightforward
	EE3	I think OSS is easy to use
	EE4	It is easy for me to become a skilled user of OSS
Social influence (SI)	SI1	I will use OSS if someone important to me thinks I should	Previous studies which are conducted across technological contexts provided strong evidence that SI involved in the process of forming belief and is a strong indicator of BI	Moriuchi (2021)
	SI2	I will use OSS if the people who influence me think I should
	SI3	Those whose opinions I value prefer me to use OSS
Facilitating conditions (FC)	FC1	I have the necessary resources to use OSS	Studies have provided empirical evidence which confirms the direct relationship between the users' perception on support they can receive and their BI	Venkatesh et al. (2003), Kamarozaman and Razak (2021), Rosaline and Wesley (2017)
	FC2	I have the necessary knowledge to use OSS
	FC3	The OSS is compatible with other systems I use
	FC4	When I have trouble with OSS, I can get help from other people
Price value (PV)	PF1	The cost of using OSS will be free or inexpensive	Studies have confirmed that a higher expected payoff would produce an increased level of satisfaction and hence related positively to BI of the user in technology adoption	Venkatesh et al. (2012), Brown and Venkatesh (2005)
	PF2	The cost of the work involved in switching to OSS will be free or very low
	PF3	Switching to OSS is unlikely to be financially burdensome
	PF4	Compared with commercial software, the cost of using OSS is reasonable
	PF5	Overall, the OSS is good value for money
Behavioural intention (BI)	BI1	I intend to use OSS to improve my work or study	Studies have confirmed BI as a reliable predictor of user's actual use of information system	Venkatesh et al. (2003), Zhang et al. (2008)
	BI2	I will always try to use OSS in my daily life
	BI3	I would highly recommend my colleagues/students to use OSS
Self-efficacy (SE)	SE1	I feel confident using OSS if it comes with help tips	The individual's perception of his aptitude and ability to succeed in completing technology related task has been identified as a crucial factor as to his acceptance of the technology	Chao (2019), Ozturk et al. (2016), Nikou and Economides (2017)
	SE2	If I have enough time, I am confident that I can use OSS to complete my tasks
	SE3	As long as someone tells me what to do, I have confidence in using OSS
	SE4	I have the confidence to use OSS even if no one around me is telling me what to do
Hedonic motivation (HM)	HM1	Using OSS is fun	Pleasure derived directly from the use of new technology is one of the key factors affecting the behaviour of consumers	Brown and Venkatesh (2005), Venkatesh et al. (2012)
	HM2	Using OSS is enjoyable
	HM3	Using OSS is very interesting
Habit (HT)	HT1	Using OSS has become a HT for me	It explains the adoption of technology as part of the daily routine and automatic behaviour of individuals	Venkatesh et al. (2012)
	HT2	I am passionate about using OSS
	HT3	I must use OSS
Value alignment (VA)	VA1	I agree with the spirit of collaboration and sharing behind OSS	Studies have shown how the social-psychological factor play a motivational role underlying the success of OSS	Benkler (2002), Raymond (1999)
	VA2	I would recommend OSS to others	The motivation of users' action to recommend and promote the use of OSS have been widely discussed in the literature	Shah (2006), Von Krogh et al. (2003)
	VA3	I trust that OSS is safe and reliable	Safety and security have been regarded as the advantages of OSS over commercial software	Feller et al. (2008)
	VA4	I think open source is an inevitable trend in software development	Studies have discussed how the success of OSS has persisting influence on the trend of innovation	Chesbrough (2003), Weber (2004)

Construct	Item	Measures	Justification	References
Performance expectancy (PE)	PE1	I find OSS very useful in my daily life	The expectation of enhancement of the outcomes is the necessary condition of the users’ intention of adopting the technology. Individuals are more willing to use the technology when they anticipate a better performance with the assistance of it	Venkatesh et al. (2003, 2016), Compeau and Higgins (1995)
	PE2	Using OSS helps me get things done faster
	PE3	Using OSS can increase my productivity
	PE4	The use of OSS has helped me to complete my studies
Effort expectancy (EE)	EE1	Learning to use OSS was easy for me	The expectation of ease of use and low complexity would affect the intention of the students to incorporate OSS in their learning	Venkatesh et al. (2003)
	EE2	When I use OSS, I feel that the operation is simple and straightforward
	EE3	I think OSS is easy to use
	EE4	It is easy for me to become a skilled user of OSS
Social influence (SI)	SI1	I will use OSS if someone important to me thinks I should	Previous studies which are conducted across technological contexts provided strong evidence that SI involved in the process of forming belief and is a strong indicator of BI	Moriuchi (2021)
	SI2	I will use OSS if the people who influence me think I should
	SI3	Those whose opinions I value prefer me to use OSS
Facilitating conditions (FC)	FC1	I have the necessary resources to use OSS	Studies have provided empirical evidence which confirms the direct relationship between the users' perception on support they can receive and their BI	Venkatesh et al. (2003), Kamarozaman and Razak (2021), Rosaline and Wesley (2017)
	FC2	I have the necessary knowledge to use OSS
	FC3	The OSS is compatible with other systems I use
	FC4	When I have trouble with OSS, I can get help from other people
Price value (PV)	PF1	The cost of using OSS will be free or inexpensive	Studies have confirmed that a higher expected payoff would produce an increased level of satisfaction and hence related positively to BI of the user in technology adoption	Venkatesh et al. (2012), Brown and Venkatesh (2005)
	PF2	The cost of the work involved in switching to OSS will be free or very low
	PF3	Switching to OSS is unlikely to be financially burdensome
	PF4	Compared with commercial software, the cost of using OSS is reasonable
	PF5	Overall, the OSS is good value for money
Behavioural intention (BI)	BI1	I intend to use OSS to improve my work or study	Studies have confirmed BI as a reliable predictor of user's actual use of information system	Venkatesh et al. (2003), Zhang et al. (2008)
	BI2	I will always try to use OSS in my daily life
	BI3	I would highly recommend my colleagues/students to use OSS
Self-efficacy (SE)	SE1	I feel confident using OSS if it comes with help tips	The individual's perception of his aptitude and ability to succeed in completing technology related task has been identified as a crucial factor as to his acceptance of the technology	Chao (2019), Ozturk et al. (2016), Nikou and Economides (2017)
	SE2	If I have enough time, I am confident that I can use OSS to complete my tasks
	SE3	As long as someone tells me what to do, I have confidence in using OSS
	SE4	I have the confidence to use OSS even if no one around me is telling me what to do
Hedonic motivation (HM)	HM1	Using OSS is fun	Pleasure derived directly from the use of new technology is one of the key factors affecting the behaviour of consumers	Brown and Venkatesh (2005), Venkatesh et al. (2012)
	HM2	Using OSS is enjoyable
	HM3	Using OSS is very interesting
Habit (HT)	HT1	Using OSS has become a HT for me	It explains the adoption of technology as part of the daily routine and automatic behaviour of individuals	Venkatesh et al. (2012)
	HT2	I am passionate about using OSS
	HT3	I must use OSS
Value alignment (VA)	VA1	I agree with the spirit of collaboration and sharing behind OSS	Studies have shown how the social-psychological factor play a motivational role underlying the success of OSS	Benkler (2002), Raymond (1999)
	VA2	I would recommend OSS to others	The motivation of users' action to recommend and promote the use of OSS have been widely discussed in the literature	Shah (2006), Von Krogh et al. (2003)
	VA3	I trust that OSS is safe and reliable	Safety and security have been regarded as the advantages of OSS over commercial software	Feller et al. (2008)
	VA4	I think open source is an inevitable trend in software development	Studies have discussed how the success of OSS has persisting influence on the trend of innovation	Chesbrough (2003), Weber (2004)

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