Variable definitions
| Research variables | Measurements |
|---|---|
| Dependent | |
| RAa | Regulatory adjustments (in €1,000) |
| TIER1b | Tier 1 capital/risk-weighted assets |
| TCRc | Total capital/risk-weighted assets |
| Independent | |
| RGI | Risk Governance Index, derived from a principal component analysis (PCA) of the following variables: RC, CRO, CFO, TITLE, AGE and BI. The first principal component (COMP1) from the PCA is selected as the RGI, providing an aggregated view of the bank’s risk governance practices |
| RC | If bank has Risk Committee (1) and if not (0) |
| CRO | Binary variable indicating the presence (1) or absence (0) of a Chief Risk Officer in the bank, irrespective of their board membership status |
| CFO | Binary variable indicating the presence (1) or absence (0) of a Chief Financial Officer in the bank, irrespective of their board membership status |
| TITLE | If director holds PhD degree (1) and if not (0) |
| SENIOR | If director’s age is between 66 and 75 (1) and if not (0) |
| BI | If director is an independent director |
| Control | |
| CEOAD | If Chief Executive Officer has an additional position (1) and if not (0) |
| BS | Total number of directors on board |
| SIZE | Total assets (in €1,000) |
| LNSIZE | Natural logarithm of the total assets |
| Research variables | Measurements |
|---|---|
| Dependent | |
| RAa | Regulatory adjustments (in €1,000) |
| TIER1b | Tier 1 capital/risk-weighted assets |
| TCRc | Total capital/risk-weighted assets |
| RGI | Risk Governance Index, derived from a principal component analysis (PCA) of the following variables: RC, CRO, CFO, TITLE, AGE and BI. The first principal component (COMP1) from the PCA is selected as the RGI, providing an aggregated view of the bank’s risk governance practices |
| RC | If bank has Risk Committee (1) and if not (0) |
| CRO | Binary variable indicating the presence (1) or absence (0) of a Chief Risk Officer in the bank, irrespective of their board membership status |
| CFO | Binary variable indicating the presence (1) or absence (0) of a Chief Financial Officer in the bank, irrespective of their board membership status |
| TITLE | If director holds PhD degree (1) and if not (0) |
| SENIOR | If director’s age is between 66 and 75 (1) and if not (0) |
| BI | If director is an independent director |
| CEOAD | If Chief Executive Officer has an additional position (1) and if not (0) |
| BS | Total number of directors on board |
| SIZE | Total assets (in €1,000) |
| LNSIZE | Natural logarithm of the total assets |
Notes:
aRegulatory adjustments (RA): These are specific modifications made to a bank’s assets and liabilities as mandated by the Bank for International Settlement (BIS, 2019) under the CAP30 guidelines. The adjustments include, but are not limited to, intangible assets, deferred tax assets and changes in own credit risk on fair-valued liabilities. The primary purpose of these adjustments is to present a more accurate view of a bank’s Common Equity Tier 1 capital. Essentially, they ensure that stakeholders have a transparent view of the bank’s core capital by accounting for certain assets and liabilities that might otherwise distort this view. When calculating their own funds, banks must consider all assets measured at fair value and make necessary deductions from Common Equity Tier 1 capital for any additional value adjustments; baccording to the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the minimum Tier One ratio has to achieve 6% by 1 January 2015 (the implementation phase started in January 2013). For the previous versions of Basel, the minimum percentage required was 4% (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2011); ctotal capital/risk-weighted assets. According to the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the minimum total capital ratio has to remain at 8%
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