Table A1 Measurement scale Employee...

Table A1

Measurement scale

Employee involvement (EI)	Sources
Suggestions of the team members are considered before making decisions	Machingura et al. (2023)
Our shop ﬂoor employees are key to problem-solving	Iranmanesh et al. (2019), Yadav et al. (2020)
Our workers are involved in continuous improvement efforts	Iranmanesh et al. (2019), Bevilacqua et al. (2017)
My ﬁrm gives workers a broader range of tasks	Iranmanesh et al. (2019)
Employee empowerment (EE)
My ﬁrm has multi-functional (multi-skilled) workers	Iranmanesh et al. (2019)
At our ﬁrm, we have an expansion of responsibility	Iranmanesh et al. (2019)
The employees are encouraged to work together rather than competition	Dal Pont et al. (2008)
Fostering a lean culture (FLC)
Our workers undergo cross-functional training	Iranmanesh et al. (2019), Yadav et al. (2020)
Our management takes all improvement suggestions seriously	Wickramasinghe and Wickramasinghe (2017)
Leadership develops processes that ensure an understanding of the work	Machingura et al. (2023)
Our leadership develop processes to teach employees about the work to be done and the expected results	Machingura et al. (2023)
Providing support to lean (PSL)
Our leadership provides the resources required for continuous improvement	Yang et al. (2011)
The management provides incentives, awards and annual bonuses for process improvement	Machingura et al. (2023)
Our leadership encourage activities that improve customer satisfaction	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Sales
Our market share has increased	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our sales growth has been outstanding	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our market share growth has exceeded our competitors	Nawanir et al. (2013)
The percentage sales of new products/services have increased	Ghobakhloo and Hong (2014)
Profitability
Our proﬁt margin has increased	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our return on investment has increased	Yang et al. (2011)
Our return on assets has increased	Yang et al. (2011)
Our revenue growth rate has exceeded our competitors	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our proﬁtability has exceeded our competitors	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Customer satisfaction
Our customers are satisﬁed with the quality of our products/services	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our customers are satisﬁed with our company’s response to enquiries	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Customers are satisﬁed with our products/services competitive prices	Nawanir et al. (2013)
We are able to offer prices as low or lower than our competitors	Yang et al. (2011)
We have reduced the number of customer complaints	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our flexibility increased (variety and new products/services and delivery)	Machingura et al. (2023)

Employee involvement (EI)	Sources
Suggestions of the team members are considered before making decisions	Machingura et al. (2023)
Our shop ﬂoor employees are key to problem-solving	Iranmanesh et al. (2019), Yadav et al. (2020)
Our workers are involved in continuous improvement efforts	Iranmanesh et al. (2019), Bevilacqua et al. (2017)
My ﬁrm gives workers a broader range of tasks	Iranmanesh et al. (2019)
Employee empowerment (EE)
My ﬁrm has multi-functional (multi-skilled) workers	Iranmanesh et al. (2019)
At our ﬁrm, we have an expansion of responsibility	Iranmanesh et al. (2019)
The employees are encouraged to work together rather than competition	Dal Pont et al. (2008)
Fostering a lean culture (FLC)
Our workers undergo cross-functional training	Iranmanesh et al. (2019), Yadav et al. (2020)
Our management takes all improvement suggestions seriously	Wickramasinghe and Wickramasinghe (2017)
Leadership develops processes that ensure an understanding of the work	Machingura et al. (2023)
Our leadership develop processes to teach employees about the work to be done and the expected results	Machingura et al. (2023)
Providing support to lean (PSL)
Our leadership provides the resources required for continuous improvement	Yang et al. (2011)
The management provides incentives, awards and annual bonuses for process improvement	Machingura et al. (2023)
Our leadership encourage activities that improve customer satisfaction	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Sales
Our market share has increased	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our sales growth has been outstanding	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our market share growth has exceeded our competitors	Nawanir et al. (2013)
The percentage sales of new products/services have increased	Ghobakhloo and Hong (2014)
Profitability
Our proﬁt margin has increased	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our return on investment has increased	Yang et al. (2011)
Our return on assets has increased	Yang et al. (2011)
Our revenue growth rate has exceeded our competitors	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our proﬁtability has exceeded our competitors	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Customer satisfaction
Our customers are satisﬁed with the quality of our products/services	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our customers are satisﬁed with our company’s response to enquiries	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Customers are satisﬁed with our products/services competitive prices	Nawanir et al. (2013)
We are able to offer prices as low or lower than our competitors	Yang et al. (2011)
We have reduced the number of customer complaints	Nawanir et al. (2013)
Our flexibility increased (variety and new products/services and delivery)	Machingura et al. (2023)

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