Table 1 Constructs and associated items...

Table 1

Constructs and associated items

Variables and measuring items	Labels
Shipping Network
1. Collaborative port call optimisation	SN1	Meyer (2021), Calatayud et al. (2016)
2. Smart dynamic route optimisation between main and regional port	SN2	Monios (2017)
3. Utilise regional port into multi-port gateway	SN3	Wilmsmeier and Monios (2016), Banomyong et al. (2011), Tran and Haasis (2014), Karimah and Yudhistira (2020)
4. Direct and indirect linkage to regional port	SN4	Tang et al. (2011)
5. Promote regional ports as second-tire hubs	SN5	Banomyong et al. (2011)
6. Optimisation based on priorities into regional port	SN6	Meyer (2021)
7. Inland port connection between other modes of transport	SN7	Feng and Notteboom (2013)
8. Utilise regional port for transhipment	SN8	Ducruet and Notteboom (2012), Ducruet (2022), Saeed et al. (2021)
9. Integrating regional ports to extend transportation network for distribution	SN9	Ducruet (2020)
10. Diversification of Shipping Routes and feeders to regional ports	SN10	Alstadt et al. (2012), Polat (2017), Boontaveeyuwat and Hanaoka (2010)
Port Operation
1. Optimise loading and unloading cargo in regional port	PO1	Sankla and Muangpan (2022), Jia et al. (2017)
2. Smart supply chain process between regional port and other	PO2	Li et al. (2023), Muangpan and Suthiwartnarueput (2019), Jia et al. (2017)
3. Just in time to portal in regional port	PO3	Li et al. (2023), Vidya and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021)
4. Production centre in regional port	PO4	Li et al. (2023), Vidya and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021)
5. Customs automation and integration	PO5	Sankla and Muangpan (2022)
6. Robotic and automated for cargo handling in regional port	PO6	Nguyen and Woo (2022)
7. Utilising technologies in port terminals	PO7	Sankla and Muangpan (2022), Li et al. (2023), Min (2022), Merz et al. (2023)
Trade
1. Digital marketing of regional port	TT1	Caliskan and Esmer (2020), Sankla and Muangpan (2022)
2. Increasing market share in regional port	TT2	Chang et al. (2020), Caliskan and Esmer (2020)
3. Machine learning algorithms predict future demand for port services	TT3	Tiwari et al. (2003), Tang et al. (2011)
4. Increasing shipping volumes to visit regional port	TT4	Ducruet (2020), Wilmsmeier et al. (2006)
5. Dynamic pricing of freight rate suite attractive to visit regional port	TT5	Caliskan and Esmer (2020), Banomyong et al. (2011), Wilmsmeier and Monios (2016)
6. Capacity expansion into regional port and hinterland area	TT6	Medina et al. (2021), Pérez et al. (2020), Monios (2017)
7. Frequency of liner service to visit regional port	TT7	Ducruet et al. (2010), Karimah and Yudhistira (2020), Tran and Haasis (2014)
8. Frequency of regional port charter service to visit	TT8
9. Frequency of bareboat service to visit regional port	TT9
10. Enhance the local market to promote regional port	TT10	Chang et al. (2020)
11. Increasing container throughput through regional port	TT11	Chang et al. (2020), Mortensen et al. (2020)
12. Collaborative fleet management systems	TT12	Monios (2017)
Emerging Innovations
1. Implement blockchain for transactions and information exchange	IT1	Sankla and Muangpan (2022), Merz et al. (2023)
2. Create a centralised data platform for data sharing	IT2	Li et al. (2023), Sankla and Muangpan (2022)
3. Smart real-time container tracking and monitoring	IT3	Meyer (2021)
4. An autonomous ship with auto-handling equipment in regional port	IT4	Sankla and Muangpan (2022), Kurt and Aymelek (2024)
5. Shipping collaboration and alliance between regional port	IT5	Caliskan and Esmer (2020)
6. Investment of infrastructures into regional port	IT6	Bhattacharyay (2012), Schellinck and Brooks (2014)
7. Interaction for interconnected regional port communities	IT7	Ducruet (2022)
8. Governmental collaboration into regional port	IT8	Monios (2017)
9. Smart multimodal and intermodal transport corridors to regional port	IT9	Suthiwartnarueput et al. (2002)
10. Interconnected system of regional port within a region	IT10	Schellinck and Brooks (2014)
11. Usage of drones in regional port	IT11	Wang et al. (2023)

Variables and measuring items	Labels
Shipping Network
1. Collaborative port call optimisation	SN1	Meyer (2021), Calatayud et al. (2016)
2. Smart dynamic route optimisation between main and regional port	SN2	Monios (2017)
3. Utilise regional port into multi-port gateway	SN3	Wilmsmeier and Monios (2016), Banomyong et al. (2011), Tran and Haasis (2014), Karimah and Yudhistira (2020)
4. Direct and indirect linkage to regional port	SN4	Tang et al. (2011)
5. Promote regional ports as second-tire hubs	SN5	Banomyong et al. (2011)
6. Optimisation based on priorities into regional port	SN6	Meyer (2021)
7. Inland port connection between other modes of transport	SN7	Feng and Notteboom (2013)
8. Utilise regional port for transhipment	SN8	Ducruet and Notteboom (2012), Ducruet (2022), Saeed et al. (2021)
9. Integrating regional ports to extend transportation network for distribution	SN9	Ducruet (2020)
10. Diversification of Shipping Routes and feeders to regional ports	SN10	Alstadt et al. (2012), Polat (2017), Boontaveeyuwat and Hanaoka (2010)
Port Operation
1. Optimise loading and unloading cargo in regional port	PO1	Sankla and Muangpan (2022), Jia et al. (2017)
2. Smart supply chain process between regional port and other	PO2	Li et al. (2023), Muangpan and Suthiwartnarueput (2019), Jia et al. (2017)
3. Just in time to portal in regional port	PO3	Li et al. (2023), Vidya and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021)
4. Production centre in regional port	PO4	Li et al. (2023), Vidya and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2021)
5. Customs automation and integration	PO5	Sankla and Muangpan (2022)
6. Robotic and automated for cargo handling in regional port	PO6	Nguyen and Woo (2022)
7. Utilising technologies in port terminals	PO7	Sankla and Muangpan (2022), Li et al. (2023), Min (2022), Merz et al. (2023)
Trade
1. Digital marketing of regional port	TT1	Caliskan and Esmer (2020), Sankla and Muangpan (2022)
2. Increasing market share in regional port	TT2	Chang et al. (2020), Caliskan and Esmer (2020)
3. Machine learning algorithms predict future demand for port services	TT3	Tiwari et al. (2003), Tang et al. (2011)
4. Increasing shipping volumes to visit regional port	TT4	Ducruet (2020), Wilmsmeier et al. (2006)
5. Dynamic pricing of freight rate suite attractive to visit regional port	TT5	Caliskan and Esmer (2020), Banomyong et al. (2011), Wilmsmeier and Monios (2016)
6. Capacity expansion into regional port and hinterland area	TT6	Medina et al. (2021), Pérez et al. (2020), Monios (2017)
7. Frequency of liner service to visit regional port	TT7	Ducruet et al. (2010), Karimah and Yudhistira (2020), Tran and Haasis (2014)
8. Frequency of regional port charter service to visit	TT8
9. Frequency of bareboat service to visit regional port	TT9
10. Enhance the local market to promote regional port	TT10	Chang et al. (2020)
11. Increasing container throughput through regional port	TT11	Chang et al. (2020), Mortensen et al. (2020)
12. Collaborative fleet management systems	TT12	Monios (2017)
Emerging Innovations
1. Implement blockchain for transactions and information exchange	IT1	Sankla and Muangpan (2022), Merz et al. (2023)
2. Create a centralised data platform for data sharing	IT2	Li et al. (2023), Sankla and Muangpan (2022)
3. Smart real-time container tracking and monitoring	IT3	Meyer (2021)
4. An autonomous ship with auto-handling equipment in regional port	IT4	Sankla and Muangpan (2022), Kurt and Aymelek (2024)
5. Shipping collaboration and alliance between regional port	IT5	Caliskan and Esmer (2020)
6. Investment of infrastructures into regional port	IT6	Bhattacharyay (2012), Schellinck and Brooks (2014)
7. Interaction for interconnected regional port communities	IT7	Ducruet (2022)
8. Governmental collaboration into regional port	IT8	Monios (2017)
9. Smart multimodal and intermodal transport corridors to regional port	IT9	Suthiwartnarueput et al. (2002)
10. Interconnected system of regional port within a region	IT10	Schellinck and Brooks (2014)
11. Usage of drones in regional port	IT11	Wang et al. (2023)

Note(s): Survey respondents rated their agreement on a scale of 1–5, with 1 indicating “strongly agree” and 5 indicating “strongly disagree”. Participants were asked to rate their agreement with various performance indicators

Source(s): Authors’ review

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