Table 3

Control variables

VariableDescriptionNature
AgeNumber of years lived by each individualContinuous variable
GenderSex of each respondentDummy variable: It takes a value of 1 if the respondent is male and “0” otherwise
IncomeRepresents the logarithm of the monthly income of the respondentsContinuous variable
EducationRepresents the highest level of education attained by the respondents and categorised into Primary education, secondary education, certificate/diploma, undergraduate degree and postgraduate degreeCategorical variable: It takes a value “1” if primary education, “0” otherwise; “1” if secondary education, “0” otherwise; “1” if certificate/diploma, “0” otherwise; “1” if undergraduate degree, “0” otherwise; “1” if postgraduate degree, “0” otherwise
Reference category: primary education
Self-employmentWhether the respondent is self-employed or notDummy variable: It takes a value of 1 if the respondent is self-employed and “0” if not self-employed
RaceThe race of the respondents was categorised as black, Asian/Indian, white and otherCategorical variable: It takes a value of “1” if black, “0” otherwise; “1” if Asian/Indian, “0” otherwise; “1” if other, “0” otherwise
Reference category: black

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