Characteristics of the included [studies/publications] and smoking outcomes measured
| Authors | Country | Sample (size and gender) | Study design | Outcomes included | Timepoints of measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albany et al. (2020) | Australia | 389 prison entrants (18+) participated (85% male). 152/389 were imprisoned in previous 12 months in jurisdictions with total smoking ban [“exposed”]; “nonexposed” were in jurisdictions without total smoking bans/not in prison in previous 12 months; missing data on exposure for n = 23 | Sample derived from 2016 wave of National Prisoner Entrants’ Blood Bourne Virus Survey of prison entrants at 19 sites across six Australian jurisdictions. Cross-sectional survey included four questions on tobacco use | Self-reported daily tobacco smoking immediately prior to reimprisonment | Survey conducted immediately after routine health and welfare assessments as individuals enter prison |
| Brown et al. (2022) | Scotland | 99 prison staff; 23 people in custody (18 men, 5 women) | Focus group discussions (FGDs) with staff (one group in each of 14 closed prisons, 95 staff in total), one-to-one interviews (23 people in custody) | Topics covered included: opinions of smoke-free prison policy; perspectives on living/working in a smoke-free prison; compliance and enforcement of smoke-free prison policy; lessons learned | FGDs and interviews conducted 6–9 months after implementation of smoke-free prison policy in all Scottish prisons in November 2018 |
| Ives et al. (2022) | USA | 5,289 men admitted to a release preparation programme in prisons admitting people with substance use disorders | 5- to 10-min survey completed by admissions between 2012 and 2020. Questions were modified periodically so answers for some questions only available for subset | Pre-release intention to remain abstinent | ∼20 weeks pre-release |
| JAYES et al. (2023) | England | 28 stakeholders with key strategic and/or operational roles in delivering smoke-free prison policy. Purposive sampling to identify those involved in smoke-free prison policy within HMPPS Headquarters and regionally and with HMPPS and health-care staff at three male prisons | Semi-structured in-person/ telephone one-to-one interviews | Stakeholder views on the implementation and delivery of complete and partial smoke-free policies, specifically in relation to the management of nicotine addiction whilst in prisons and after release | Conducted August-November 2019, i.e. four years after open estate introduced partial smoke-free policy and ∼4 years after last closed prison implemented a complete smoke-free policy |
| Jin et al. (2021) | Australia | 557 individuals expected to be within four to six weeks of release randomised to either motivational interview intervention (n = 226; 93% male) or control (n = 291, 91% male) group. 424 were followed up post-release | RCT of smoking, nutrition, alcohol and physical (SNAP) inactivity intervention Self-report survey Smoking abstinence verified by exhaled carbon monoxide test | Pre-release intention to remain abstinent; self-reported continuous smoking abstinence and seven-day point prevalence abstinence, verified by exhaled carbon monoxide test for a subsample, (also self-reported number of cigarettes after release) | Four to six weeks pre-release Three months post-release |
| Martin et al. (2022) (WISE) | USA | 190 participants (67% male) eligible for participation if within eight weeks of release | RCT of working inside for Smoking Elimination (WISE) intervention; computer-assisted survey and telephone follow-up | Pre-release intention to remain smoke-free post release. Self-reported smoking status post-release, time to relapse post-release. Antecedents of relapse | Eight weeks pre-release, 24-h and seven-days post-release |
| Puljević et al. (2018) | Australia | 114 (former) smokers released from smoke-free prison in the previous two months (86% male) | Cross-sectional survey | Pre-release intention to remain abstinent; time to relapse post-release; rate of self-reported smoking post release | Within two-months post-release |
| Puljević et al. (2019) | Australia | 21 people who had relapsed to smoking following release (76% male); subsample from Puljević et al. (2018) | Semi-structured interviews | Barriers and facilitators to maintaining smoke-free after release | Within two months of release |
| Winkelman et al. (2021) | USA | 46 [former] smokers expected to be within 90 days of release and to have regular telephone access post-release (91% male) | Pilot RCT – counselling and NRT vs brief health education. Self-report baseline and follow-up survey | Self-reported smoking status post-release verified by exhaled carbon monoxide test | Baseline measures (pre-release), and 1, 3 and 12 weeks post-release |
| Authors | Country | Sample (size and gender) | Study design | Outcomes included | Timepoints of measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 389 prison entrants (18+) participated (85% male). 152/389 were imprisoned in previous 12 months in jurisdictions with total smoking ban [“exposed”]; “nonexposed” were in jurisdictions without total smoking bans/not in prison in previous 12 months; missing data on exposure for | Sample derived from 2016 wave of National Prisoner Entrants’ Blood Bourne Virus Survey of prison entrants at 19 sites across six Australian jurisdictions. Cross-sectional survey included four questions on tobacco use | Self-reported daily tobacco smoking immediately prior to reimprisonment | Survey conducted immediately after routine health and welfare assessments as individuals enter prison | |
| Scotland | 99 prison staff; 23 people in custody (18 men, 5 women) | Focus group discussions (FGDs) with staff (one group in each of 14 closed prisons, 95 staff in total), one-to-one interviews (23 people in custody) | Topics covered included: opinions of smoke-free prison policy; perspectives on living/working in a smoke-free prison; compliance and enforcement of smoke-free prison policy; lessons learned | FGDs and interviews conducted 6–9 months after implementation of smoke-free prison policy in all Scottish prisons in November 2018 | |
| USA | 5,289 men admitted to a release preparation programme in prisons admitting people with substance use disorders | 5- to 10-min survey completed by admissions between 2012 and 2020. Questions were modified periodically so answers for some questions only available for subset | Pre-release intention to remain abstinent | ∼20 weeks pre-release | |
| England | 28 stakeholders with key strategic and/or operational roles in delivering smoke-free prison policy. Purposive sampling to identify those involved in smoke-free prison policy within HMPPS Headquarters and regionally and with HMPPS and health-care staff at three male prisons | Semi-structured in-person/ telephone one-to-one interviews | Stakeholder views on the implementation and delivery of complete and partial smoke-free policies, specifically in relation to the management of nicotine addiction whilst in prisons and after release | Conducted August-November 2019, i.e. four years after open estate introduced partial smoke-free policy and ∼4 years after last closed prison implemented a complete smoke-free policy | |
| Australia | 557 individuals expected to be within four to six weeks of release randomised to either motivational interview intervention ( | RCT of smoking, nutrition, alcohol and physical (SNAP) inactivity intervention | Pre-release intention to remain abstinent; self-reported continuous smoking abstinence and seven-day point prevalence abstinence, verified by exhaled carbon monoxide test for a subsample, (also self-reported number of cigarettes after release) | Four to six weeks pre-release | |
| USA | 190 participants (67% male) eligible for participation if within eight weeks of release | RCT of working inside for Smoking Elimination (WISE) intervention; computer-assisted survey and telephone follow-up | Pre-release intention to remain smoke-free post release. Self-reported smoking status post-release, time to relapse post-release. Antecedents of relapse | Eight weeks pre-release, 24-h and seven-days post-release | |
| Australia | 114 (former) smokers released from smoke-free prison in the previous two months (86% male) | Cross-sectional survey | Pre-release intention to remain abstinent; time to relapse post-release; rate of self-reported smoking post release | Within two-months post-release | |
| Australia | 21 people who had relapsed to smoking following release (76% male); subsample from | Semi-structured interviews | Barriers and facilitators to maintaining smoke-free after release | Within two months of release | |
| USA | 46 [former] smokers expected to be within 90 days of release and to have regular telephone access post-release (91% male) | Pilot RCT – counselling and NRT vs brief health education. Self-report baseline and follow-up survey | Self-reported smoking status post-release verified by exhaled carbon monoxide test | Baseline measures (pre-release), and 1, 3 and 12 weeks post-release |
Source: Table by authors
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