Measurement instruments
| Construct | Original scale | Adapted measures |
|---|---|---|
| Spatial presence | Novak et al. (2000) | (SP1) Using WeChat often makes me forget where I am |
| (SP2) After using WeChat, I feel like I come back to the “real world” after a journey | ||
| (SP3) Using WeChat creates a new world for me, and this world suddenly disappears when I stop browsing | ||
| (SP4) When I use WeChat, I feel like I'm in a world created by WeChat pages and resources | ||
| (SP5) When I use WeChat, my body is in the room, but my mind is inside the world created by the pages and resources I explore | ||
| (SP6) When I use WeChat, the world generated by the pages and resources I explore is more real to me than the “real world” | ||
| Social presence | Qiu and Benbasat (2005) | (SOP1) When I use WeChat, I feel like I'm talking with my friends |
| (SOP2) When I use WeChat, I feel like I'm with my friends in the same place | ||
| (SOP3) When I use WeChat, I feel like I'm looking at or listening to my friends | ||
| Flow | Novak et al. (2000) | (F1) I have (at some time) experienced flow on WeChat |
| (F2) Most of the time I use WeChat I feel like I'm in flow | ||
| (F3) In general, how frequently would you say you have experienced “flow” when you use WeChat? | ||
| Utilitarian value | Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001) | (UV1) WeChat is a necessity for me |
| Dholakia et al. (2004) | (UV2) I use WeChat to get information | |
| (UV3) I use WeChat to learn how to do things | ||
| (UV4) I use WeChat to provide others with information | ||
| (UV5) I use WeChat to contribute to a pool of information | ||
| (UV6) I use WeChat to generate ideas | ||
| (UV7) I use WeChat to negotiate or bargain | ||
| (UV8) I use WeChat to get people to do things for me | ||
| (UV9) I use WeChat to solve problems | ||
| Hedonic value | Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001) | (HV1) I love WeChat |
| (HV2) I feel good when I use WeChat | ||
| Babin et al. (1994) | (HV3) Browsing WeChat is truly a joy | |
| (HV4) While browsing WeChat, I'm able to forget my problems | ||
| Cognitive engagement | Novak et al. (2000) | (CE1) WeChat is important |
| (CE2) WeChat is relevant | ||
| (CE3) WeChat means a lot to me | ||
| (CE4) WeChat matters to me | ||
| (CE5) WeChat is of concern to me | ||
| Affective engagement | Hollebeek et al. (2014) | (AE1) I feel very positive when I use WeChat |
| (AE2) Using WeChat makes me happy | ||
| (AE3) I feel good when I use WeChat | ||
| (AE4) I'm proud to use WeChat | ||
| Behavioural engagement | Koh and Kim (2004) | (BE1) I take an active part in my friends' talk group on WeChat |
| (BE2) I do my best to stimulate my friends' circle on WeChat | ||
| (BE3) I often provide information/contents for my WeChat friends | ||
| (BE4) I eagerly reply to posts by WeChat friends | ||
| (BE5) I take care of my WeChat friends | ||
| (BE6) I often answer calls from WeChat friends who are seeking support | ||
| Social norms | Bosnjak et al. (2005) | (SN1) Most people who are important to me think I should be on WeChat |
| (SN2) Most people whose recommendations I like to follow think I should be on WeChat | ||
| Chieh-Peng and Ding (2003) | (SN3) Most people who are important to me would encourage me to be on WeChat | |
| (SN4) Most people whose recommendations I like to follow would encourage me to be on WeChat | ||
| Stickiness | Moon and Kim (2001) | (S1) I will use WeChat on a regular basis in the future |
| (S2) I will frequently use WeChat in the future | ||
| (S3) I will strongly recommend others to use WeChat |
| Construct | Original scale | Adapted measures |
|---|---|---|
| Spatial presence | (SP1) Using WeChat often makes me forget where I am | |
| (SP2) After using WeChat, I feel like I come back to the “real world” after a journey | ||
| (SP3) Using WeChat creates a new world for me, and this world suddenly disappears when I stop browsing | ||
| (SP4) When I use WeChat, I feel like I'm in a world created by WeChat pages and resources | ||
| (SP5) When I use WeChat, my body is in the room, but my mind is inside the world created by the pages and resources I explore | ||
| (SP6) When I use WeChat, the world generated by the pages and resources I explore is more real to me than the “real world” | ||
| Social presence | (SOP1) When I use WeChat, I feel like I'm talking with my friends | |
| (SOP2) When I use WeChat, I feel like I'm with my friends in the same place | ||
| (SOP3) When I use WeChat, I feel like I'm looking at or listening to my friends | ||
| Flow | (F1) I have (at some time) experienced flow on WeChat | |
| (F2) Most of the time I use WeChat I feel like I'm in flow | ||
| (F3) In general, how frequently would you say you have experienced “flow” when you use WeChat? | ||
| Utilitarian value | (UV1) WeChat is a necessity for me | |
| (UV2) I use WeChat to get information | ||
| (UV3) I use WeChat to learn how to do things | ||
| (UV4) I use WeChat to provide others with information | ||
| (UV5) I use WeChat to contribute to a pool of information | ||
| (UV6) I use WeChat to generate ideas | ||
| (UV7) I use WeChat to negotiate or bargain | ||
| (UV8) I use WeChat to get people to do things for me | ||
| (UV9) I use WeChat to solve problems | ||
| Hedonic value | (HV1) I love WeChat | |
| (HV2) I feel good when I use WeChat | ||
| (HV3) Browsing WeChat is truly a joy | ||
| (HV4) While browsing WeChat, I'm able to forget my problems | ||
| Cognitive engagement | (CE1) WeChat is important | |
| (CE2) WeChat is relevant | ||
| (CE3) WeChat means a lot to me | ||
| (CE4) WeChat matters to me | ||
| (CE5) WeChat is of concern to me | ||
| Affective engagement | (AE1) I feel very positive when I use WeChat | |
| (AE2) Using WeChat makes me happy | ||
| (AE3) I feel good when I use WeChat | ||
| (AE4) I'm proud to use WeChat | ||
| Behavioural engagement | (BE1) I take an active part in my friends' talk group on WeChat | |
| (BE2) I do my best to stimulate my friends' circle on WeChat | ||
| (BE3) I often provide information/contents for my WeChat friends | ||
| (BE4) I eagerly reply to posts by WeChat friends | ||
| (BE5) I take care of my WeChat friends | ||
| (BE6) I often answer calls from WeChat friends who are seeking support | ||
| Social norms | (SN1) Most people who are important to me think I should be on WeChat | |
| (SN2) Most people whose recommendations I like to follow think I should be on WeChat | ||
| (SN3) Most people who are important to me would encourage me to be on WeChat | ||
| (SN4) Most people whose recommendations I like to follow would encourage me to be on WeChat | ||
| Stickiness | (S1) I will use WeChat on a regular basis in the future | |
| (S2) I will frequently use WeChat in the future | ||
| (S3) I will strongly recommend others to use WeChat |
Source(s): Table by authors
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