Cross-loadings of items
| Spatial presence | Social presence | Flow | Utilitarian value | Hedonic value | Cognitive engagement | Affective engagement | Behavioural engagement | Social norms | Stickiness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1 | 0.819 | 0.455 | 0.400 | 0.281 | 0.284 | 0.227 | 0.300 | 0.299 | 0.303 | 0.254 |
| SP2 | 0.883 | 0.493 | 0.399 | 0.271 | 0.271 | 0.216 | 0.345 | 0.337 | 0.306 | 0.245 |
| SP3 | 0.908 | 0.515 | 0.419 | 0.270 | 0.254 | 0.198 | 0.318 | 0.324 | 0.293 | 0.249 |
| SP4 | 0.914 | 0.531 | 0.444 | 0.280 | 0.296 | 0.215 | 0.356 | 0.353 | 0.294 | 0.272 |
| SP5 | 0.891 | 0.582 | 0.458 | 0.328 | 0.348 | 0.275 | 0.389 | 0.389 | 0.334 | 0.311 |
| SP6 | 0.846 | 0.514 | 0.373 | 0.256 | 0.293 | 0.179 | 0.316 | 0.327 | 0.281 | 0.217 |
| SOP1 | 0.536 | 0.892 | 0.492 | 0.381 | 0.415 | 0.369 | 0.394 | 0.395 | 0.363 | 0.342 |
| SOP2 | 0.541 | 0.921 | 0.503 | 0.382 | 0.403 | 0.378 | 0.401 | 0.426 | 0.376 | 0.350 |
| SOP3 | 0.527 | 0.914 | 0.471 | 0.398 | 0.408 | 0.362 | 0.387 | 0.398 | 0.380 | 0.355 |
| F1 | 0.410 | 0.482 | 0.922 | 0.539 | 0.535 | 0.505 | 0.509 | 0.485 | 0.448 | 0.440 |
| F2 | 0.423 | 0.489 | 0.912 | 0.500 | 0.501 | 0.447 | 0.486 | 0.484 | 0.447 | 0.452 |
| F3 | 0.470 | 0.507 | 0.917 | 0.516 | 0.536 | 0.482 | 0.505 | 0.501 | 0.471 | 0.430 |
| UV1 | 0.359 | 0.413 | 0.475 | 0.704 | 0.630 | 0.608 | 0.522 | 0.496 | 0.545 | 0.511 |
| UV2 | 0.263 | 0.367 | 0.464 | 0.828 | 0.626 | 0.605 | 0.572 | 0.504 | 0.505 | 0.548 |
| UV3 | 0.270 | 0.343 | 0.441 | 0.815 | 0.620 | 0.585 | 0.544 | 0.515 | 0.508 | 0.482 |
| UV4 | 0.226 | 0.327 | 0.465 | 0.830 | 0.587 | 0.595 | 0.495 | 0.492 | 0.460 | 0.519 |
| UV5 | 0.255 | 0.343 | 0.480 | 0.865 | 0.622 | 0.599 | 0.547 | 0.521 | 0.498 | 0.521 |
| UV6 | 0.294 | 0.331 | 0.442 | 0.734 | 0.568 | 0.462 | 0.519 | 0.511 | 0.524 | 0.421 |
| UV7 | 0.227 | 0.283 | 0.397 | 0.732 | 0.496 | 0.498 | 0.454 | 0.451 | 0.432 | 0.453 |
| UV8 | 0.184 | 0.276 | 0.423 | 0.789 | 0.535 | 0.548 | 0.496 | 0.500 | 0.454 | 0.488 |
| UV9 | 0.191 | 0.331 | 0.430 | 0.821 | 0.579 | 0.608 | 0.525 | 0.512 | 0.517 | 0.508 |
| HV1 | 0.208 | 0.364 | 0.465 | 0.648 | 0.887 | 0.719 | 0.583 | 0.561 | 0.541 | 0.595 |
| HV2 | 0.227 | 0.390 | 0.487 | 0.670 | 0.903 | 0.712 | 0.613 | 0.585 | 0.559 | 0.600 |
| HV3 | 0.293 | 0.394 | 0.527 | 0.677 | 0.904 | 0.658 | 0.606 | 0.573 | 0.563 | 0.567 |
| HV4 | 0.422 | 0.395 | 0.483 | 0.542 | 0.728 | 0.428 | 0.571 | 0.532 | 0.477 | 0.403 |
| CE1 | 0.218 | 0.334 | 0.465 | 0.614 | 0.640 | 0.898 | 0.494 | 0.472 | 0.482 | 0.578 |
| CE2 | 0.166 | 0.351 | 0.450 | 0.635 | 0.635 | 0.876 | 0.533 | 0.489 | 0.507 | 0.574 |
| CE3 | 0.257 | 0.391 | 0.467 | 0.637 | 0.671 | 0.899 | 0.576 | 0.531 | 0.561 | 0.555 |
| CE4 | 0.243 | 0.373 | 0.464 | 0.655 | 0.677 | 0.916 | 0.564 | 0.523 | 0.530 | 0.576 |
| CE5 | 0.232 | 0.378 | 0.497 | 0.689 | 0.689 | 0.905 | 0.561 | 0.520 | 0.532 | 0.594 |
| AE1 | 0.356 | 0.403 | 0.506 | 0.607 | 0.643 | 0.572 | 0.925 | 0.783 | 0.607 | 0.682 |
| AE2 | 0.351 | 0.416 | 0.510 | 0.624 | 0.650 | 0.575 | 0.933 | 0.770 | 0.579 | 0.685 |
| AE3 | 0.344 | 0.397 | 0.509 | 0.616 | 0.645 | 0.570 | 0.930 | 0.775 | 0.605 | 0.654 |
| AE4 | 0.368 | 0.381 | 0.485 | 0.577 | 0.610 | 0.520 | 0.895 | 0.796 | 0.601 | 0.616 |
| BE1 | 0.369 | 0.345 | 0.442 | 0.487 | 0.548 | 0.438 | 0.707 | 0.834 | 0.537 | 0.521 |
| BE2 | 0.367 | 0.385 | 0.463 | 0.530 | 0.572 | 0.458 | 0.750 | 0.876 | 0.564 | 0.595 |
| BE3 | 0.323 | 0.418 | 0.476 | 0.580 | 0.563 | 0.492 | 0.735 | 0.883 | 0.568 | 0.658 |
| BE4 | 0.325 | 0.365 | 0.437 | 0.530 | 0.551 | 0.469 | 0.717 | 0.869 | 0.546 | 0.587 |
| BE5 | 0.282 | 0.408 | 0.462 | 0.570 | 0.570 | 0.552 | 0.701 | 0.812 | 0.544 | 0.669 |
| BE6 | 0.321 | 0.374 | 0.465 | 0.551 | 0.568 | 0.489 | 0.746 | 0.863 | 0.519 | 0.622 |
| SN1 | 0.316 | 0.337 | 0.449 | 0.554 | 0.518 | 0.494 | 0.546 | 0.549 | 0.855 | 0.510 |
| SN2 | 0.307 | 0.378 | 0.481 | 0.582 | 0.579 | 0.546 | 0.597 | 0.599 | 0.934 | 0.574 |
| SN3 | 0.306 | 0.391 | 0.441 | 0.577 | 0.590 | 0.545 | 0.603 | 0.579 | 0.933 | 0.553 |
| SN4 | 0.333 | 0.397 | 0.451 | 0.580 | 0.599 | 0.546 | 0.631 | 0.611 | 0.940 | 0.577 |
| S1 | 0.241 | 0.310 | 0.386 | 0.496 | 0.479 | 0.529 | 0.562 | 0.575 | 0.464 | 0.849 |
| S2 | 0.196 | 0.307 | 0.390 | 0.537 | 0.546 | 0.593 | 0.568 | 0.564 | 0.470 | 0.863 |
| S3 | 0.312 | 0.367 | 0.456 | 0.576 | 0.600 | 0.533 | 0.702 | 0.685 | 0.608 | 0.868 |
| Spatial presence | Social presence | Flow | Utilitarian value | Hedonic value | Cognitive engagement | Affective engagement | Behavioural engagement | Social norms | Stickiness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1 | 0.455 | 0.400 | 0.281 | 0.284 | 0.227 | 0.300 | 0.299 | 0.303 | 0.254 | |
| SP2 | 0.493 | 0.399 | 0.271 | 0.271 | 0.216 | 0.345 | 0.337 | 0.306 | 0.245 | |
| SP3 | 0.515 | 0.419 | 0.270 | 0.254 | 0.198 | 0.318 | 0.324 | 0.293 | 0.249 | |
| SP4 | 0.531 | 0.444 | 0.280 | 0.296 | 0.215 | 0.356 | 0.353 | 0.294 | 0.272 | |
| SP5 | 0.582 | 0.458 | 0.328 | 0.348 | 0.275 | 0.389 | 0.389 | 0.334 | 0.311 | |
| SP6 | 0.514 | 0.373 | 0.256 | 0.293 | 0.179 | 0.316 | 0.327 | 0.281 | 0.217 | |
| SOP1 | 0.536 | 0.492 | 0.381 | 0.415 | 0.369 | 0.394 | 0.395 | 0.363 | 0.342 | |
| SOP2 | 0.541 | 0.503 | 0.382 | 0.403 | 0.378 | 0.401 | 0.426 | 0.376 | 0.350 | |
| SOP3 | 0.527 | 0.471 | 0.398 | 0.408 | 0.362 | 0.387 | 0.398 | 0.380 | 0.355 | |
| F1 | 0.410 | 0.482 | 0.539 | 0.535 | 0.505 | 0.509 | 0.485 | 0.448 | 0.440 | |
| F2 | 0.423 | 0.489 | 0.500 | 0.501 | 0.447 | 0.486 | 0.484 | 0.447 | 0.452 | |
| F3 | 0.470 | 0.507 | 0.516 | 0.536 | 0.482 | 0.505 | 0.501 | 0.471 | 0.430 | |
| UV1 | 0.359 | 0.413 | 0.475 | 0.630 | 0.608 | 0.522 | 0.496 | 0.545 | 0.511 | |
| UV2 | 0.263 | 0.367 | 0.464 | 0.626 | 0.605 | 0.572 | 0.504 | 0.505 | 0.548 | |
| UV3 | 0.270 | 0.343 | 0.441 | 0.620 | 0.585 | 0.544 | 0.515 | 0.508 | 0.482 | |
| UV4 | 0.226 | 0.327 | 0.465 | 0.587 | 0.595 | 0.495 | 0.492 | 0.460 | 0.519 | |
| UV5 | 0.255 | 0.343 | 0.480 | 0.622 | 0.599 | 0.547 | 0.521 | 0.498 | 0.521 | |
| UV6 | 0.294 | 0.331 | 0.442 | 0.568 | 0.462 | 0.519 | 0.511 | 0.524 | 0.421 | |
| UV7 | 0.227 | 0.283 | 0.397 | 0.496 | 0.498 | 0.454 | 0.451 | 0.432 | 0.453 | |
| UV8 | 0.184 | 0.276 | 0.423 | 0.535 | 0.548 | 0.496 | 0.500 | 0.454 | 0.488 | |
| UV9 | 0.191 | 0.331 | 0.430 | 0.579 | 0.608 | 0.525 | 0.512 | 0.517 | 0.508 | |
| HV1 | 0.208 | 0.364 | 0.465 | 0.648 | 0.719 | 0.583 | 0.561 | 0.541 | 0.595 | |
| HV2 | 0.227 | 0.390 | 0.487 | 0.670 | 0.712 | 0.613 | 0.585 | 0.559 | 0.600 | |
| HV3 | 0.293 | 0.394 | 0.527 | 0.677 | 0.658 | 0.606 | 0.573 | 0.563 | 0.567 | |
| HV4 | 0.422 | 0.395 | 0.483 | 0.542 | 0.428 | 0.571 | 0.532 | 0.477 | 0.403 | |
| CE1 | 0.218 | 0.334 | 0.465 | 0.614 | 0.640 | 0.494 | 0.472 | 0.482 | 0.578 | |
| CE2 | 0.166 | 0.351 | 0.450 | 0.635 | 0.635 | 0.533 | 0.489 | 0.507 | 0.574 | |
| CE3 | 0.257 | 0.391 | 0.467 | 0.637 | 0.671 | 0.576 | 0.531 | 0.561 | 0.555 | |
| CE4 | 0.243 | 0.373 | 0.464 | 0.655 | 0.677 | 0.564 | 0.523 | 0.530 | 0.576 | |
| CE5 | 0.232 | 0.378 | 0.497 | 0.689 | 0.689 | 0.561 | 0.520 | 0.532 | 0.594 | |
| AE1 | 0.356 | 0.403 | 0.506 | 0.607 | 0.643 | 0.572 | 0.783 | 0.607 | 0.682 | |
| AE2 | 0.351 | 0.416 | 0.510 | 0.624 | 0.650 | 0.575 | 0.770 | 0.579 | 0.685 | |
| AE3 | 0.344 | 0.397 | 0.509 | 0.616 | 0.645 | 0.570 | 0.775 | 0.605 | 0.654 | |
| AE4 | 0.368 | 0.381 | 0.485 | 0.577 | 0.610 | 0.520 | 0.796 | 0.601 | 0.616 | |
| BE1 | 0.369 | 0.345 | 0.442 | 0.487 | 0.548 | 0.438 | 0.707 | 0.537 | 0.521 | |
| BE2 | 0.367 | 0.385 | 0.463 | 0.530 | 0.572 | 0.458 | 0.750 | 0.564 | 0.595 | |
| BE3 | 0.323 | 0.418 | 0.476 | 0.580 | 0.563 | 0.492 | 0.735 | 0.568 | 0.658 | |
| BE4 | 0.325 | 0.365 | 0.437 | 0.530 | 0.551 | 0.469 | 0.717 | 0.546 | 0.587 | |
| BE5 | 0.282 | 0.408 | 0.462 | 0.570 | 0.570 | 0.552 | 0.701 | 0.544 | 0.669 | |
| BE6 | 0.321 | 0.374 | 0.465 | 0.551 | 0.568 | 0.489 | 0.746 | 0.519 | 0.622 | |
| SN1 | 0.316 | 0.337 | 0.449 | 0.554 | 0.518 | 0.494 | 0.546 | 0.549 | 0.510 | |
| SN2 | 0.307 | 0.378 | 0.481 | 0.582 | 0.579 | 0.546 | 0.597 | 0.599 | 0.574 | |
| SN3 | 0.306 | 0.391 | 0.441 | 0.577 | 0.590 | 0.545 | 0.603 | 0.579 | 0.553 | |
| SN4 | 0.333 | 0.397 | 0.451 | 0.580 | 0.599 | 0.546 | 0.631 | 0.611 | 0.577 | |
| S1 | 0.241 | 0.310 | 0.386 | 0.496 | 0.479 | 0.529 | 0.562 | 0.575 | 0.464 | |
| S2 | 0.196 | 0.307 | 0.390 | 0.537 | 0.546 | 0.593 | 0.568 | 0.564 | 0.470 | |
| S3 | 0.312 | 0.367 | 0.456 | 0.576 | 0.600 | 0.533 | 0.702 | 0.685 | 0.608 |
Source(s): Table by authors
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