Table 2 Key themes of EX – authors'... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Key themes of EX – authors' creation

Key themes	Sub-themes	Key propositions or findings in the EX literature
1. EX definition	Core definition of EX	EX is the employee's perceptions of the relationship to the employing organization (Plaskoff, 2017)
	Characteristics of EX	EX is subjective (Yadav and Vihari, 2023)
		EX is multilevel: it is the employees' perceptions of what they encounter at the personal, social and cultural levels in their interactions with the organization (Batat, 2022)
		EX is holistic (Plaskoff, 2017)
		EX is evolving (Batat, 2022)
2. Antecedents of EX	EX stimuli	Tangible stimuli include the physical environment (Batat, 2022) and technologies (Malik et al., 2023)
		Intangible stimuli include the work itself (i.e. job tasks), workplace culture, HR practices and leadership (Panneerselvam and Balaraman, 2022) as well as how the work fits in the employee's life (e.g. alignment between the employee's goals and those of the organization, work-life balance) (Pangallo et al., 2022)
		An employee empowered “state of mind” emerging from high-involvement work practices may drive EX (Bowen, 2024)
3. Outcomes of EX		EX likely enhances employee satisfaction, engagement, commitment and performance (Plaskoff, 2017) as well as employee well-being (Batat, 2022)
4. Employee journey	Touchpoints	The employee journey is composed of touchpoints, which can be interactions with the organization itself or interactions related to the organization but with outside sources (e.g. media reports about the organization) (Plaskoff, 2017)
4. Employee journey	Stages of the employee journey	The employee journey encompasses three phases: pre-employment (e.g. job search and application), employment and post-employment (i.e. after the employee quits) (Plaskoff, 2017)
5. EX measurement	Scale development	EX can be measured with the help of dedicated scales, developed by academics (e.g. Yadav and Vihari, 2023) or by practitioners (e.g. IBM's Workforce Institute EX index)
6. EX management	EX management as design	EX management starts with understanding employees' needs and then designing touchpoints accordingly (Tucker, 2020; Yadav and Vihari, 2023). Design thinking and journey mapping can be used to gain a deep understanding of employees' needs (Plaskoff, 2017; Tucker, 2020)
6. EX management	EX management as design	EX can be enhanced by empowering employees and fostering employee engagement (Bowen, 2021, 2024), whereas the use of technologies as substitutes for human labour (e.g. robots) may damage EX (Bowen, 2024)

Key themes	Sub-themes	Key propositions or findings in the EX literature
1. EX definition	Core definition of EX	EX is the employee's perceptions of the relationship to the employing organization (Plaskoff, 2017)
	Characteristics of EX	EX is subjective (Yadav and Vihari, 2023)
		EX is multilevel: it is the employees' perceptions of what they encounter at the personal, social and cultural levels in their interactions with the organization (Batat, 2022)
		EX is holistic (Plaskoff, 2017)
		EX is evolving (Batat, 2022)
2. Antecedents of EX	EX stimuli	Tangible stimuli include the physical environment (Batat, 2022) and technologies (Malik et al., 2023)
		Intangible stimuli include the work itself (i.e. job tasks), workplace culture, HR practices and leadership (Panneerselvam and Balaraman, 2022) as well as how the work fits in the employee's life (e.g. alignment between the employee's goals and those of the organization, work-life balance) (Pangallo et al., 2022)
		An employee empowered “state of mind” emerging from high-involvement work practices may drive EX (Bowen, 2024)
3. Outcomes of EX		EX likely enhances employee satisfaction, engagement, commitment and performance (Plaskoff, 2017) as well as employee well-being (Batat, 2022)
4. Employee journey	Touchpoints	The employee journey is composed of touchpoints, which can be interactions with the organization itself or interactions related to the organization but with outside sources (e.g. media reports about the organization) (Plaskoff, 2017)
4. Employee journey	Stages of the employee journey	The employee journey encompasses three phases: pre-employment (e.g. job search and application), employment and post-employment (i.e. after the employee quits) (Plaskoff, 2017)
5. EX measurement	Scale development	EX can be measured with the help of dedicated scales, developed by academics (e.g. Yadav and Vihari, 2023) or by practitioners (e.g. IBM's Workforce Institute EX index)
6. EX management	EX management as design	EX management starts with understanding employees' needs and then designing touchpoints accordingly (Tucker, 2020; Yadav and Vihari, 2023). Design thinking and journey mapping can be used to gain a deep understanding of employees' needs (Plaskoff, 2017; Tucker, 2020)
6. EX management	EX management as design	EX can be enhanced by empowering employees and fostering employee engagement (Bowen, 2021, 2024), whereas the use of technologies as substitutes for human labour (e.g. robots) may damage EX (Bowen, 2024)