Full/complex zero inflation negative binomial (ZINB) analysis results
| Variables | First Swiss COVID lockdown and number of employees working from home (WFH) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-COVID lockdown | During COVID lockdown | Post COVID lockdown | |||||||||||
| Base (log link) | Full (logit link) | Base (log link) | Full (logit link) | Base (log link) | Full (logit link) | ||||||||
| Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | ||
| Model 1nb | Model 1zi | Model 2nb | Model 2zi | Model 3nb | Model 3zi | Model 4nb | Model 4zi | Model 5nb | Model 5zi | Model 6nb | Model 6zi | ||
| Intercept | −1.989 (1.389) | −4.808 (13.505) | −1.148 (1.424) | −1.315 (4.381) | −1.338 ** (0.523) | −10.634 (243.225) | −0.136 (0.456) | 17.326 (217.731) | −1.017 (1.153) | −54.321 (418.561) | −0.985 (0.961) | 1.285 (2.901) | |
| Secondary industry sectors | 1.659 (1.314) | 0.728 (13.907) | 2.338 * (1.277) | 2.039 (4.448) | 0.017 (0.417) | 8.469 (243.222) | 0.039 (0.335) | −7.094 (217.636) | −1.722 (1.126) | −36.986 (251.220) | 0.662 (0.682) | 1.273 (2.737) | |
| Tertiary industry sectors | 2.815 ** (1.313) | 2.812 (13.722) | 2.901 ** (1.242) | 3.604 (4.376) | 1.317 *** (0.386) | 8.469 (243.221) | 0.445 (0.324) | −1.834 (217.621) | −0.855 (1.112) | −36.708 (251.189) | 0.832 (0.644) | 1.793 (2.718) | |
| Number of employees | 0.052 ** (0.018) | 0.074 (0.047) | −0.001 (0.021) | 0.100 * (0.053) | 0.057 *** (0.006) | −0.000 (0.021) | −0.018 *** (0.006) | 0.064 (0.206) | 0.055 *** (0.012) | 0.119 ** (0.059) | −0.018 (0.014) | 0.070 * (0.042) | |
| IT continuity importance | −0.214 (0.169) | −1 | −0.307 * (0.164) | −0.400 (0.427) | 0.101 (0.082) | 0.057 (0.313) | 0.065 (0.062) | 0.591 (0.818) | 0.293 ** (0.146) | 15.284 (125.556) | 0.111 (0.137) | −0.306 (0.423) | |
| Speed of technology adoption (linear) | 0.349 (0.351) | 0.386 (0.719) | 0.379 (0.299) | 1.563 ** (0.730) | 0.074 (0.132) | −0.941 * (0.524) | −0.069 (0.089) | −1 | 0.219 (0.241) | −0.259 (1.028) | 0.119 (0.204) | 1.513 ** (0.703) | |
| Speed of technology adoption (quadratic) | 0.232 (0.262) | 1.730 (1.168) | 0.331 (0.209) | 0.629 (0.711) | −0.061 (0.092) | 0.266 (0.381) | 0.065 (0.062) | −1 | 0.039 (0.176) | 11.270 (102.490) | 0.137 (0.150) | 0.170 (0.601) | |
| Technology adoption significance | −0.011 (0.150) | −1 | 0.114 (0.144) | 1.167 ** (0.481) | 0.135 * (0.069) | 0.061 (0.254) | 0.055 (0.046) | −1 | 0.122 (0.117) | 1.537 (1.283) | 0.010 (0.101) | 0.663 * (0.357) | |
| Social | WFH Potential Emp | 0.126 ** (0.053) | 0.163 (0.128) | 0.069 *** (0.012) | 0.947 (0.752) | 0.056 (0.037) | −1 | ||||||
| MSE WFH Readiness Pre-COVID | −0.153 (0.166) | −1.552 *** (0.428) | −0.008 (0.049) | −10.862 ** (4.802) | −0.041 (0.120) | −1.485 *** (0.393) | |||||||
| Technical | WFH ICT Readiness of Employees | −0.023 (0.053) | −0.180 (0.125) | 0.041 *** (0.011) | −1.501 * (0.851) | 0.052 (0.036) | −0.092 (0.065) | ||||||
| Remote Access to Data (Linear) | −0.726 * (0.373) | −1.839 ** (0.900) | 0.383 ** (0.150) | −2.381 (1.955) | −0.141 (0.263) | −0.526 (0.782) | |||||||
| Remote Access to Data (Quadratic) | 0.594 ** (0.288) | −0.108 (0.701) | −0.156 (0.101) | −2.233 (1.755) | 0.474 ** (0.190) | −0.294 (0.642) | |||||||
| Log(theta) | −1.001*** (0.294) | 0.017 (0.339) | 0.871 *** (0.202) | 2.408 *** (0.263) | −0.555 *** (0.162) | 0.553 ** (0.264) | |||||||
| Theta | 0.3676 | 1.0173 | 2.3902 | 11.1156 | 0.5738 | 1.739 | |||||||
| No iterations BFGS Opt | 59 | 53 | 36 | 94 | 71 | 40 | |||||||
| Log-likelihood | −365.7 on 15 Df | −316.5 on 27 Df | −727.2 on 17 Df | −538.1 on 24 Df | −489.7 on 17 Df | −422.6 on 26 Df | |||||||
| Variables | First Swiss COVID lockdown and number of employees working from home (WFH) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-COVID lockdown | During COVID lockdown | Post COVID lockdown | |||||||||||
| Base (log link) | Full (logit link) | Base (log link) | Full (logit link) | Base (log link) | Full (logit link) | ||||||||
| Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | Neg Bin | ZINB | ||
| Model 1nb | Model 1zi | Model 2nb | Model 2zi | Model 3nb | Model 3zi | Model 4nb | Model 4zi | Model 5nb | Model 5zi | Model 6nb | Model 6zi | ||
| Intercept | −1.989 (1.389) | −4.808 (13.505) | −1.148 (1.424) | −1.315 (4.381) | −1.338 ** (0.523) | −10.634 (243.225) | −0.136 (0.456) | 17.326 (217.731) | −1.017 (1.153) | −54.321 (418.561) | −0.985 (0.961) | 1.285 (2.901) | |
| Secondary industry sectors | 1.659 (1.314) | 0.728 (13.907) | 2.338 * (1.277) | 2.039 (4.448) | 0.017 (0.417) | 8.469 (243.222) | 0.039 (0.335) | −7.094 (217.636) | −1.722 (1.126) | −36.986 (251.220) | 0.662 (0.682) | 1.273 (2.737) | |
| Tertiary industry sectors | 2.815 ** (1.313) | 2.812 (13.722) | 2.901 ** (1.242) | 3.604 (4.376) | 1.317 *** (0.386) | 8.469 (243.221) | 0.445 (0.324) | −1.834 (217.621) | −0.855 (1.112) | −36.708 (251.189) | 0.832 (0.644) | 1.793 (2.718) | |
| Number of employees | 0.052 ** (0.018) | 0.074 (0.047) | −0.001 (0.021) | 0.100 * (0.053) | 0.057 *** (0.006) | −0.000 (0.021) | −0.018 *** (0.006) | 0.064 (0.206) | 0.055 *** (0.012) | 0.119 ** (0.059) | −0.018 (0.014) | 0.070 * (0.042) | |
| IT continuity importance | −0.214 (0.169) | −1 | −0.307 * (0.164) | −0.400 (0.427) | 0.101 (0.082) | 0.057 (0.313) | 0.065 (0.062) | 0.591 (0.818) | 0.293 ** (0.146) | 15.284 (125.556) | 0.111 (0.137) | −0.306 (0.423) | |
| Speed of technology adoption (linear) | 0.349 (0.351) | 0.386 (0.719) | 0.379 (0.299) | 1.563 ** (0.730) | 0.074 (0.132) | −0.941 * (0.524) | −0.069 (0.089) | −1 | 0.219 (0.241) | −0.259 (1.028) | 0.119 (0.204) | 1.513 ** (0.703) | |
| Speed of technology adoption (quadratic) | 0.232 (0.262) | 1.730 (1.168) | 0.331 (0.209) | 0.629 (0.711) | −0.061 (0.092) | 0.266 (0.381) | 0.065 (0.062) | −1 | 0.039 (0.176) | 11.270 (102.490) | 0.137 (0.150) | 0.170 (0.601) | |
| Technology adoption significance | −0.011 (0.150) | −1 | 0.114 (0.144) | 1.167 ** (0.481) | 0.135 * (0.069) | 0.061 (0.254) | 0.055 (0.046) | −1 | 0.122 (0.117) | 1.537 (1.283) | 0.010 (0.101) | 0.663 * (0.357) | |
| Social | WFH Potential Emp | 0.126 ** (0.053) | 0.163 (0.128) | 0.069 *** (0.012) | 0.947 (0.752) | 0.056 (0.037) | −1 | ||||||
| MSE WFH Readiness Pre-COVID | −0.153 (0.166) | −1.552 *** (0.428) | −0.008 (0.049) | −10.862 ** (4.802) | −0.041 (0.120) | −1.485 *** (0.393) | |||||||
| Technical | WFH ICT Readiness of Employees | −0.023 (0.053) | −0.180 (0.125) | 0.041 *** (0.011) | −1.501 * (0.851) | 0.052 (0.036) | −0.092 (0.065) | ||||||
| Remote Access to Data (Linear) | −0.726 * (0.373) | −1.839 ** (0.900) | 0.383 ** (0.150) | −2.381 (1.955) | −0.141 (0.263) | −0.526 (0.782) | |||||||
| Remote Access to Data (Quadratic) | 0.594 ** (0.288) | −0.108 (0.701) | −0.156 (0.101) | −2.233 (1.755) | 0.474 ** (0.190) | −0.294 (0.642) | |||||||
| Log(theta) | −1.001*** (0.294) | 0.017 (0.339) | 0.871 *** (0.202) | 2.408 *** (0.263) | −0.555 *** (0.162) | 0.553 ** (0.264) | |||||||
| Theta | 0.3676 | 1.0173 | 2.3902 | 11.1156 | 0.5738 | 1.739 | |||||||
| No iterations BFGS Opt | 59 | 53 | 36 | 94 | 71 | 40 | |||||||
| Log-likelihood | −365.7 on 15 Df | −316.5 on 27 Df | −727.2 on 17 Df | −538.1 on 24 Df | −489.7 on 17 Df | −422.6 on 26 Df | |||||||
Note(s): Significance: p ≤ ***0.01, p ≤ **0.05, p ≤ *0.10 (1 variable removed from zero-inflated model due to modelling challenges)
Source(s): Authors’ own creation/work
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