Measures of KSM in the literature
| Authors | Construct/dimensions | Items |
|---|---|---|
| Scales (at least partly) measuring behavior or intention | ||
| Siemsen et al. (2008) | Motivation to share | I had no intention to share this knowledge with my coworker |
| I was motivated to share what I know with my coworker | ||
| I really wanted to share this knowledge with my coworker | ||
| Wei et al. (2008)* | Commitment to knowledge sharing | Internalization |
| Identification | ||
| Compliance | ||
| Fullwood et al. (2013) | Attitude toward knowledge sharing | I do not enjoy sharing my knowledge |
| Sharing my knowledge with other organizational members is valuable experience | ||
| Sharing my knowledge with other organizational members is a wise move | ||
| I share my knowledge in an appropriate and effective way | ||
| Henttonen et al., 2016 | Knowledge-sharing propensity | At the end of each day, I feel that I have learned from other members from my organization by exchanging and combining ideas |
| I am capable of sharing my expertise to bring new projects or initiatives to fruition | ||
| I am willing to exchange and combine ideas with their coworkers | ||
| It is rare for me to exchange and combine ideas to find solutions to problems | ||
| Scales measuring an “attitude towards knowledge sharing” resulting from the behavior | ||
| Bock and Kim (2001) | Attitude toward knowledge sharing | My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is good |
| My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is harmful | ||
| My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is an enjoyable experience | ||
| My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is valuable to me | ||
| My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is a wise move | ||
| Agyemang et al. (2016) | Attitude toward knowledge sharing | If I share my knowledge with other teachers, I feel very beneficial |
| If I share my knowledge with other teachers, I feel very pleasant | ||
| If I share my knowledge with other teachers, I feel very meaningful | ||
| It is a wise move if I share my knowledge with my coworkers | ||
| Choi (2020) | Attitude toward knowledge sharing | My knowledge sharing with other developers is good |
| My knowledge sharing with other developers is valuable | ||
| My knowledge sharing with other developers is beneficial | ||
| Models of KSM without measurement items | ||
| Gagné (2009) | ||
| Lam and Lambermont‐Ford (2010) | ||
| Law et al. (2017) | ||
| Scales measuring motivation | ||
| Lin et al. (2007) | Expected organizational rewards | I will receive a higher salary in return for my knowledge sharing |
| I will receive a higher bonus in return for my knowledge sharing | ||
| I will receive increased promotion opportunities in return for my knowledge sharing | ||
| I will receive increased job security in return for my knowledge sharing | ||
| Reciprocal benefits | I strengthen ties between existing members of the organization and myself | |
| I expand the scope of my association with other organization members | ||
| I expect to receive knowledge in return when necessary | ||
| I believe that my future requests for knowledge will be answered | ||
| Knowledge self-efficacy | I am confident in my ability to provide knowledge that others in my organization consider valuable | |
| I have the expertise required to provide valuable knowledge for my organization | ||
| It does not really make any difference whether I share my knowledge with colleagues | ||
| Most other employees can provide more valuable knowledge than I can. (Reverse coded) | ||
| Enjoyment in helping others | I enjoy sharing my knowledge with colleagues | |
| I enjoy helping colleagues by sharing my knowledge | ||
| It feels good to help someone by sharing my knowledge | ||
| Sharing my knowledge with colleagues is pleasurable | ||
| Hung et al. (2011) | Altruism | I enjoy sharing my knowledge with others through a group meeting |
| I enjoy helping others by sharing my knowledge through a group meeting | ||
| It feels good to help someone else by sharing my knowledge through a group meeting | ||
| Sharing my knowledge with others through a group meeting gives me pleasure | ||
| Reciprocity | When I share my knowledge through a group meeting, I believe that I will get an answer when I give an answer | |
| When I share my knowledge through a group meeting, I expect somebody to respond when I’m in need | ||
| When I contribute knowledge to a group meeting, I expect to get back knowledge when I need it | ||
| Gu and Gu (2011)* | Existence motivation | Increased salary/bonus |
| Receive reward | ||
| Enhance job security | ||
| Relationship motivation | Hold group membership | |
| Recognized expertise | ||
| Get status as expert | ||
| Reputation and esteem | ||
| Growth motivation | Learning more knowledge and growth and development | |
| Achievement | ||
| Good feeling from sharing knowledge | ||
| Norm motivation | Responsibility to share | |
| Knowledge as a public good, shared by people | ||
| Knowledge belongs to organizations rather than to individuals | ||
| Reinholt et al. (2011) | Intrinsic motivation | Why do you share knowledge? … because I enjoy it |
| … because I like it | ||
| Identified motivation | … because I find it personally satisfying | |
| … because I think it is an important part of my job | ||
| Controlled motivation | … It may help me get promoted | |
| … I want my supervisor(s) to praise me | ||
| … I want my colleague(s) to praise me | ||
| … I want to avoid negative reactions from the head of my department | ||
| … I might get a reward | ||
| Chen et al. (2012) | Traction motivation | I will receive monetary rewards in return for my knowledge sharing |
| I will receive additional rewards in return for me sharing knowledge | ||
| When I share my knowledge through this virtual community, I expect somebody to respond when I’m in need | ||
| Relation motivation | My knowledge sharing would get me well acquainted with new members in this virtual community | |
| My knowledge sharing would strengthen the ties between existing members in this virtual community and myself | ||
| My knowledge sharing would expand the scope of my association with other members in this virtual community | ||
| Interest motivation | My knowledge sharing would increase productivity in this virtual community | |
| My knowledge sharing would draw willing cooperation from existing members in the future | ||
| My knowledge sharing would help this virtual community achieve its performance objectives | ||
| Andreeva and Sergeeva (2016) | Intrinsic motivation to share knowledge | I like sharing knowledge |
| I think sharing knowledge is an important part of my job | ||
| I find it personally satisfying | ||
| Extrinsic motivation to share knowledge | I share knowledge because I want my supervisor to praise me | |
| I share knowledge because I want to get a reward | ||
| I share knowledge because it might help me get promoted | ||
| Llopis and Foss (2016) | Intrinsic motivation to share knowledge | I find it personally satisfying |
| I enjoy doing so | ||
| I like sharing knowledge | ||
| Stenius et al. (2017) | Autonomous motivation to share knowledge | … because I enjoy it |
| … because it is an important part of my job | ||
| Gagné et al. (2019) | External regulation | I share my knowledge with colleagues at work… … because I risk losing my job if I don’t share my knowledge |
| … to avoid being criticized by others | ||
| Introjected regulation | … because sharing my knowledge makes me feel more important | |
| … because others will respect me more | ||
| Autonomous motivation | … because I think it is very important for me to share what I know with my colleagues | |
| … because it makes my team, unit or organization more successful, and this is very important to me | ||
| … because it is fun to talk about things I know | ||
| … because I enjoy talking about things that I feel passionate about | ||
| Authors | Construct/dimensions | Items |
|---|---|---|
| Motivation to share | I had no intention to share this knowledge with my coworker | |
| I was motivated to share what I know with my coworker | ||
| I really wanted to share this knowledge with my coworker | ||
| Commitment to knowledge sharing | Internalization | |
| Identification | ||
| Compliance | ||
| Attitude toward knowledge sharing | I do not enjoy sharing my knowledge | |
| Sharing my knowledge with other organizational members is valuable experience | ||
| Sharing my knowledge with other organizational members is a wise move | ||
| I share my knowledge in an appropriate and effective way | ||
| Henttonen | Knowledge-sharing propensity | At the end of each day, I feel that I have learned from other members from my organization by exchanging and combining ideas |
| I am capable of sharing my expertise to bring new projects or initiatives to fruition | ||
| I am willing to exchange and combine ideas with their coworkers | ||
| It is rare for me to exchange and combine ideas to find solutions to problems | ||
| Attitude toward knowledge sharing | My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is good | |
| My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is harmful | ||
| My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is an enjoyable experience | ||
| My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is valuable to me | ||
| My knowledge sharing with other organizational members is a wise move | ||
| Attitude toward knowledge sharing | If I share my knowledge with other teachers, I feel very beneficial | |
| If I share my knowledge with other teachers, I feel very pleasant | ||
| If I share my knowledge with other teachers, I feel very meaningful | ||
| It is a wise move if I share my knowledge with my coworkers | ||
| Attitude toward knowledge sharing | My knowledge sharing with other developers is good | |
| My knowledge sharing with other developers is valuable | ||
| My knowledge sharing with other developers is beneficial | ||
| Lin | Expected organizational rewards | I will receive a higher salary in return for my knowledge sharing |
| I will receive a higher bonus in return for my knowledge sharing | ||
| I will receive increased promotion opportunities in return for my knowledge sharing | ||
| I will receive increased job security in return for my knowledge sharing | ||
| Reciprocal benefits | I strengthen ties between existing members of the organization and myself | |
| I expand the scope of my association with other organization members | ||
| I expect to receive knowledge in return when necessary | ||
| I believe that my future requests for knowledge will be answered | ||
| Knowledge self-efficacy | I am confident in my ability to provide knowledge that others in my organization consider valuable | |
| I have the expertise required to provide valuable knowledge for my organization | ||
| It does not really make any difference whether I share my knowledge with colleagues | ||
| Most other employees can provide more valuable knowledge than I can. (Reverse coded) | ||
| Enjoyment in helping others | I enjoy sharing my knowledge with colleagues | |
| I enjoy helping colleagues by sharing my knowledge | ||
| It feels good to help someone by sharing my knowledge | ||
| Sharing my knowledge with colleagues is pleasurable | ||
| Altruism | I enjoy sharing my knowledge with others through a group meeting | |
| I enjoy helping others by sharing my knowledge through a group meeting | ||
| It feels good to help someone else by sharing my knowledge through a group meeting | ||
| Sharing my knowledge with others through a group meeting gives me pleasure | ||
| Reciprocity | When I share my knowledge through a group meeting, I believe that I will get an answer when I give an answer | |
| When I share my knowledge through a group meeting, I expect somebody to respond when I’m in need | ||
| When I contribute knowledge to a group meeting, I expect to get back knowledge when I need it | ||
| Existence motivation | Increased salary/bonus | |
| Receive reward | ||
| Enhance job security | ||
| Relationship motivation | Hold group membership | |
| Recognized expertise | ||
| Get status as expert | ||
| Reputation and esteem | ||
| Growth motivation | Learning more knowledge and growth and development | |
| Achievement | ||
| Good feeling from sharing knowledge | ||
| Norm motivation | Responsibility to share | |
| Knowledge as a public good, shared by people | ||
| Knowledge belongs to organizations rather than to individuals | ||
| Intrinsic motivation | Why do you share knowledge? … because I enjoy it | |
| … because I like it | ||
| Identified motivation | … because I find it personally satisfying | |
| … because I think it is an important part of my job | ||
| Controlled motivation | … It may help me get promoted | |
| … I want my supervisor(s) to praise me | ||
| … I want my colleague(s) to praise me | ||
| … I want to avoid negative reactions from the head of my department | ||
| … I might get a reward | ||
| Traction motivation | I will receive monetary rewards in return for my knowledge sharing | |
| I will receive additional rewards in return for me sharing knowledge | ||
| When I share my knowledge through this virtual community, I expect somebody to respond when I’m in need | ||
| Relation motivation | My knowledge sharing would get me well acquainted with new members in this virtual community | |
| My knowledge sharing would strengthen the ties between existing members in this virtual community and myself | ||
| My knowledge sharing would expand the scope of my association with other members in this virtual community | ||
| Interest motivation | My knowledge sharing would increase productivity in this virtual community | |
| My knowledge sharing would draw willing cooperation from existing members in the future | ||
| My knowledge sharing would help this virtual community achieve its performance objectives | ||
| Intrinsic motivation to share knowledge | I like sharing knowledge | |
| I think sharing knowledge is an important part of my job | ||
| I find it personally satisfying | ||
| Extrinsic motivation to share knowledge | I share knowledge because I want my supervisor to praise me | |
| I share knowledge because I want to get a reward | ||
| I share knowledge because it might help me get promoted | ||
| Intrinsic motivation to share knowledge | I find it personally satisfying | |
| I enjoy doing so | ||
| I like sharing knowledge | ||
| Autonomous motivation to share knowledge | … because I enjoy it | |
| … because it is an important part of my job | ||
| External regulation | I share my knowledge with colleagues at work… | |
| … to avoid being criticized by others | ||
| Introjected regulation | … because sharing my knowledge makes me feel more important | |
| … because others will respect me more | ||
| Autonomous motivation | … because I think it is very important for me to share what I know with my colleagues | |
| … because it makes my team, unit or organization more successful, and this is very important to me | ||
| … because it is fun to talk about things I know | ||
| … because I enjoy talking about things that I feel passionate about | ||
Note:
No concrete wording available, even on request
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