Table A2.

Operationalization table (Study 1)

Variables itemsScale
Knowledge-sharing motivation
Overall measure
Five-point Likert scale
(1 = strongly disagree, … 5 = strongly agree)
I like to share my work-related knowledge. (KSM 1)
Relationship motivation
If you share your knowledge with coworkers, you are appreciated. (KSM 2)
If you share your knowledge with coworkers, your know-how will be recognized. (KSM 6)
If you share your knowledge with coworkers, you will be seen as an expert. (KSM 10)
If you share your knowledge with coworkers, you enjoy reputation and respect. (KSM 14)
Achievement motivation
If you share your knowledge with coworkers, you deserve financial remuneration. (KSM 5)
If somebody shares his/her knowledge with coworkers, it should be rewarded. (KSM 9)
If you share your knowledge with coworkers, you increase your job security. (KSM 13)
Growth motivation (Gu and Gu, 2011)
If I share my knowledge it constitutes success for me. (KSM 4)
If you share your knowledge you grow individually and undergo personal development. (KSM 15)
I feel good when I am able to share my knowledge. (KSM 8)
Norm motivation
To share your own knowledge with coworkers is part of a good task fulfillment. (KSM 3)
Knowledge is a public good which should be shared by everybody. (KSM 7)
My work-related knowledge does not belong to me alone but to my organization. (KSM 11)
Altruism (Hung et al., 2011)
Through sharing knowledge, I enjoy helping others. (KSM 12)
It fills me with joy to help others solve problems. (KSM 16)
Knowledge-sharing behavior (Bock and Kim, 2001)
How often do you share the following types of information with your coworkers:
… Reports and official documents like a record? (KSB 1)
… Instructions or guidelines for certain tasks? (KSB 2)
… Which coworker can be asked regarding certain topics? (KSB 3)
… Where or how to find information? (KSB 4)
… Your own experience of getting tasks done? (KSB 5)
… Your own experience of avoiding problems while completing tasks? (KSB 6)
… Information you gathered during an apprenticeship or other training programs? (KSB 7)
Seven-point scale
(reverse coded: 7 = several times a day, 6 = once a day, 5 = several times a week, 4 = once a week, 3 = several times a month, 2 = once a month, 1 = less than once a month, 0 = never)
Tenure
How many years of work experience do you have?
Continuous (0 = less than one year, 1, … 55 years)
Career path
Public service career path configured from:
To which public service pay grade do you belong? (open-ended)
1 = basic/intermediate service
2 = executive service
3 = higher service
Supervisory status
Do you have a supervisory status?
1 = Yes
0 = No
Highest level of education
What is the highest level of education you have completed?
(note: answers from the open answer option (N = 10) were coded and sorted into the classification)
1 = school graduation
2 = vocational education
3 = bachelor’s degree
4 = master’s degree/diploma/state examination
5 = PhD/doctorate
Age
How old are you?
Continuous (18, … 80 years)
Gender
What is your gender?
1 = female respondent
0 = male respondent

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