Table 1 Studies that offer a rigorous... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Studies that offer a rigorous synthesis of the scholarship about crises and disasters in the hospitality and tourism industry

Authors (year)	Topic	Main findings
Crises prior to the COVID-19 pandemic
Mair et al. (2016)	− This paper presents a review of the literature concerning post-disaster and post-crisis recovery for tourist destinations − A total of 64 articles on this topic published between January 2000 and June 2012 were included in the review − These articles were written about several different disaster contexts, including weather-related events (floods and hurricanes), natural disasters (earthquakes and tsunami) and other events (such as pandemics and terrorist attacks) − The key themes that emerged included: (1) a lack of communication between stakeholders, (2) media sensationalism, (3) the importance of selecting the most effective marketing messages, (4) lack of disaster-management plans, (5) damage to destination image and reputation, and (6) changes in tourist behavior following crises and disasters − The review identifies ways to improve the speed and effectiveness of responses to disasters, the importance of relationship marketing with loyal customers and the need to quickly repair destination image
Jiang et al. (2019)	− This article reviews 142 papers published between 1960 and 2018 on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management − The article suggests future research and methodological approaches to help progress the field − The article identifies several opportunities for future research: (1) future research should follow a more theoretical approach to investigate crises and disasters in the tourism industry rather than simply describing crisis or disaster impacts and response strategies; (2) hot topics are associated with consumer behavior and risk, with considerable scope for this research focus to develop further; (3) destination and organizational resilience may provide a useful focus for future research; (4) although research in the field tends to follow specific crises and disasters (such as economic crises) few studies have been published or cited on political instability including terrorism
Ritchie and Jiand (2019)	− This article reviews 142 papers published between 1960 and 2018 on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management − The article suggests future research and methodological approaches to help progress the field: (1) Preparedness and planning (proactive crisis management/response, disaster reaction to reduction, mitigation, and preparedness, crisis management plan and strategies, tourism crisis/disaster planning strategies, influencing factors and predictors of tourism crisis planning, human resource development in crisis preparation, crisis leadership, tourism integration with emergency agency and disaster risk reduction, risk analysis, forecasting tools, pre-assessment and detection, crisis prevention methods, risk assessment mechanism, crisis learning); (2) Response and recovery (tourism response and recovery strategies, government policy response actions, physical and financial recovery, tourism reconstruction, crisis/disaster communication/public relationships, post-crisis/disaster marketing strategies and campaign, tourism market recovery, tourists' misperception/destination image/(re)-positioning, press response/media and marketing, marketing message, new market segmentation, resource management, community collaboration, small business recovery/business resilience, recovery strategies measurement); (3) Resolution and reflection (crisis/disaster learning, organizational learning, knowledge management, destination/enterprise resilience)
Berbekova et al. (2021)	− This work focuses on offering: (1) a comprehensive review of extant research on crisis management in hospitality and tourism; (2) future research suggestions based on identified themes and gaps; (3) a discussion based on other theoretical perspectives on crisis management in hospitality and tourism − This study presents the results of a qualitative thematic analysis of the literature concerning crisis management in hospitality and tourism − A total of 207 research publications from 1986 to 2019 were analyzed − The findings revealed eight major themes that emerged in the literature over time: (1) the travel and tourism industry's vulnerability and resilience to crises, (2) crises' and disasters' consequences, (3) tourists' risk perceptions and attitudes, (4) crisis management models and approaches; (5) crisis marketing, (6) crisis communication, (7) the role of the media; (8) dark tourism
Crises prior to the COVID-19 pandemic together with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis
Chen et al. (2022)	− This study aims to examine the past literature related to academic, industrial and governmental responses to multinational epidemics through the lens of the triple helix model − This paper conducts a systematic review of the literature published between 2000 and 2020 on five multinational epidemics that had significant impacts on the tourism industry: foot and mouth disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome, bird flu (novel influenza A and avian flu), Ebola and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome − The search process initially identified 2,910 articles. The authors screened the articles, the final list of studies eligible for analysis was 63 − Themes from academic research identified: (1) Economic impacts and travel restrictions, (2) risk, fear and consumer behavior, (3) government responses: prevention, education and preparedness, incentives and subsidies, collaboration and coordination; (4) industry reactions: physical environment enhancements, planning and business continuity, revenue diversification, human-resource modifications; (5) collaborations between industry and government − Moreover, although previous multinational epidemic/epidemic research has highlighted travelers’ perceptions of risk and associated changes to their travel behavior, potential strategies for ameliorating such behavioral changes while maintaining safety and security have largely been ignored. Ideally, such strategies should not simply be implemented, but carefully measured by researchers in terms of their impacts on travelers’ behavior and travel demand in the real world
Wut et al. (2021)	− This study offers an analysis of how crisis management practices have been adopted in the hospitality and tourism industry − It reviewed 512 articles - including 79 papers on COVID-19 - spanning 36 years between 1985 and 2020 − The findings showed that mainstream crisis management research was dominated by a focus on crisis management, crisis impact and recovery, as well as risk management, risk perception and disaster management − Reviewing the past decade (2010 to 2020) health-related crisis (including COVID-19) is one of the biggest trends − Ten possible further research areas were suggested: the theories of crisis prevention and preparedness, risk communication, crisis management education and training, risk assessment, and crisis events in the context of COVID-19, data privacy in hospitality and tourism, political related crisis events, digital media, and alternative analytical methods and approaches − In addition, specific questions for future research in these areas were posed. Among these was the need to develop a greater knowledge applied to hospitality companies, the use of market-oriented strategies based on the use of the brand, and study of the effects on consumer behavior
COVID-19 pandemic crisis
Li et al. (2022)	− This paper aims to bibliometrically analyze the current progress of research around the evolution of COVID-19 research in tourism and hospitality and encourages more conceptual, practical and futuristic studies of hospitality and tourism to define the research directions for the “new normal” − This paper analyzed 326 articles regarding COVID-19 published in 2020 and 2021 by combining manual analysis and bibliometrics to reveal research topics and to gain insight into research structures − The results of this paper summarized themes within the literature: (1) individuals’ (tourists, employees and residents) attitudes and behavior, (2) responses of travel suppliers (the government and tourism enterprises) to the COVID-19 pandemic, (3) economic impact and demand forecasting, (4) social issues of rights and racism, (5) reflection on tourism and transformation of the industry − More research is called for to focus on a better response to the crisis, including crisis management education and training and improving the resilience of small- and medium-sized enterprises

Authors (year)	Topic	Main findings
Crises prior to the COVID-19 pandemic
Mair et al. (2016)	− This paper presents a review of the literature concerning post-disaster and post-crisis recovery for tourist destinations − A total of 64 articles on this topic published between January 2000 and June 2012 were included in the review − These articles were written about several different disaster contexts, including weather-related events (floods and hurricanes), natural disasters (earthquakes and tsunami) and other events (such as pandemics and terrorist attacks) − The key themes that emerged included: (1) a lack of communication between stakeholders, (2) media sensationalism, (3) the importance of selecting the most effective marketing messages, (4) lack of disaster-management plans, (5) damage to destination image and reputation, and (6) changes in tourist behavior following crises and disasters − The review identifies ways to improve the speed and effectiveness of responses to disasters, the importance of relationship marketing with loyal customers and the need to quickly repair destination image
Jiang et al. (2019)	− This article reviews 142 papers published between 1960 and 2018 on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management − The article suggests future research and methodological approaches to help progress the field − The article identifies several opportunities for future research: (1) future research should follow a more theoretical approach to investigate crises and disasters in the tourism industry rather than simply describing crisis or disaster impacts and response strategies; (2) hot topics are associated with consumer behavior and risk, with considerable scope for this research focus to develop further; (3) destination and organizational resilience may provide a useful focus for future research; (4) although research in the field tends to follow specific crises and disasters (such as economic crises) few studies have been published or cited on political instability including terrorism
Ritchie and Jiand (2019)	− This article reviews 142 papers published between 1960 and 2018 on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management − The article suggests future research and methodological approaches to help progress the field: (1) Preparedness and planning (proactive crisis management/response, disaster reaction to reduction, mitigation, and preparedness, crisis management plan and strategies, tourism crisis/disaster planning strategies, influencing factors and predictors of tourism crisis planning, human resource development in crisis preparation, crisis leadership, tourism integration with emergency agency and disaster risk reduction, risk analysis, forecasting tools, pre-assessment and detection, crisis prevention methods, risk assessment mechanism, crisis learning); (2) Response and recovery (tourism response and recovery strategies, government policy response actions, physical and financial recovery, tourism reconstruction, crisis/disaster communication/public relationships, post-crisis/disaster marketing strategies and campaign, tourism market recovery, tourists' misperception/destination image/(re)-positioning, press response/media and marketing, marketing message, new market segmentation, resource management, community collaboration, small business recovery/business resilience, recovery strategies measurement); (3) Resolution and reflection (crisis/disaster learning, organizational learning, knowledge management, destination/enterprise resilience)
Berbekova et al. (2021)	− This work focuses on offering: (1) a comprehensive review of extant research on crisis management in hospitality and tourism; (2) future research suggestions based on identified themes and gaps; (3) a discussion based on other theoretical perspectives on crisis management in hospitality and tourism − This study presents the results of a qualitative thematic analysis of the literature concerning crisis management in hospitality and tourism − A total of 207 research publications from 1986 to 2019 were analyzed − The findings revealed eight major themes that emerged in the literature over time: (1) the travel and tourism industry's vulnerability and resilience to crises, (2) crises' and disasters' consequences, (3) tourists' risk perceptions and attitudes, (4) crisis management models and approaches; (5) crisis marketing, (6) crisis communication, (7) the role of the media; (8) dark tourism
Crises prior to the COVID-19 pandemic together with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis
Chen et al. (2022)	− This study aims to examine the past literature related to academic, industrial and governmental responses to multinational epidemics through the lens of the triple helix model − This paper conducts a systematic review of the literature published between 2000 and 2020 on five multinational epidemics that had significant impacts on the tourism industry: foot and mouth disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome, bird flu (novel influenza A and avian flu), Ebola and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome − The search process initially identified 2,910 articles. The authors screened the articles, the final list of studies eligible for analysis was 63 − Themes from academic research identified: (1) Economic impacts and travel restrictions, (2) risk, fear and consumer behavior, (3) government responses: prevention, education and preparedness, incentives and subsidies, collaboration and coordination; (4) industry reactions: physical environment enhancements, planning and business continuity, revenue diversification, human-resource modifications; (5) collaborations between industry and government − Moreover, although previous multinational epidemic/epidemic research has highlighted travelers’ perceptions of risk and associated changes to their travel behavior, potential strategies for ameliorating such behavioral changes while maintaining safety and security have largely been ignored. Ideally, such strategies should not simply be implemented, but carefully measured by researchers in terms of their impacts on travelers’ behavior and travel demand in the real world
Wut et al. (2021)	− This study offers an analysis of how crisis management practices have been adopted in the hospitality and tourism industry − It reviewed 512 articles - including 79 papers on COVID-19 - spanning 36 years between 1985 and 2020 − The findings showed that mainstream crisis management research was dominated by a focus on crisis management, crisis impact and recovery, as well as risk management, risk perception and disaster management − Reviewing the past decade (2010 to 2020) health-related crisis (including COVID-19) is one of the biggest trends − Ten possible further research areas were suggested: the theories of crisis prevention and preparedness, risk communication, crisis management education and training, risk assessment, and crisis events in the context of COVID-19, data privacy in hospitality and tourism, political related crisis events, digital media, and alternative analytical methods and approaches − In addition, specific questions for future research in these areas were posed. Among these was the need to develop a greater knowledge applied to hospitality companies, the use of market-oriented strategies based on the use of the brand, and study of the effects on consumer behavior
COVID-19 pandemic crisis
Li et al. (2022)	− This paper aims to bibliometrically analyze the current progress of research around the evolution of COVID-19 research in tourism and hospitality and encourages more conceptual, practical and futuristic studies of hospitality and tourism to define the research directions for the “new normal” − This paper analyzed 326 articles regarding COVID-19 published in 2020 and 2021 by combining manual analysis and bibliometrics to reveal research topics and to gain insight into research structures − The results of this paper summarized themes within the literature: (1) individuals’ (tourists, employees and residents) attitudes and behavior, (2) responses of travel suppliers (the government and tourism enterprises) to the COVID-19 pandemic, (3) economic impact and demand forecasting, (4) social issues of rights and racism, (5) reflection on tourism and transformation of the industry − More research is called for to focus on a better response to the crisis, including crisis management education and training and improving the resilience of small- and medium-sized enterprises

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