Table 2

Three paradigms

LevelDescription
AI-DirectedThis paradigm involves AI directing the learning process, where the learner passively receives knowledge from AI-driven systems
AI-SupportedIn this approach, AI supports and enhances the learning experience. The learner collaborates with AI, using it as a tool to aid in their education
AI-EmpoweredThis paradigm sees the learner taking a leading role, with AI serving as an empowering tool. Here, the focus is on using AI to foster independence and innovation in learners

Source(s): Table created by authors adapted from Ouyang and Jiao (2021). CC BY-NC-ND License, Copyright 2021 by F. Ouyang and P. Jiao

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