Table 4. Operationalization and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4.

Operationalization and measurement of the study variables

S/N	Variable	Operational definition	Measurement	Author (source)
1	Entrepreneurial ecosystem pillars	Ács et al. (2019) defined of entrepreneurial ecosystem pillars as a set of components that make up an ecosystem that must integrate and interconnect so as to foster entrepreneurial, country or regional growth.	Institutional arrangements • Formal institutions • Informal institutions • Networks Resource endowments • Human capital • Finance • Physical infrastructure • Market demand	Van De Ven (1993); Isenberg (2010); Stam and Spigel (2016); Stam and Van De (2021); Mujahid et al. (2019); Jones and Ratten (2021); WEF (2013)
2	Performance	Performance is the ability of a firm to efficiently exploit the available resources to achieve its set objectives as well as satisfying the demands of its stakeholders (Freeman, 1990).	• Output growth • Employment growth • Sales growth	Freeman (1990); lebans and Garengo et al. (2005); Kaplan and Norton (1992); Calabrese et al. (2019)

S/N	Variable	Operational definition	Measurement	Author (source)
1	Entrepreneurial ecosystem pillars	Ács et al. (2019) defined of entrepreneurial ecosystem pillars as a set of components that make up an ecosystem that must integrate and interconnect so as to foster entrepreneurial, country or regional growth.	Institutional arrangements• Formal institutions • Informal institutions • Networks Resource endowments• Human capital • Finance • Physical infrastructure• Market demand	Van De Ven (1993); Isenberg (2010); Stam and Spigel (2016); Stam and Van De (2021); Mujahid et al. (2019); Jones and Ratten (2021); WEF (2013)
2	Performance	Performance is the ability of a firm to efficiently exploit the available resources to achieve its set objectives as well as satisfying the demands of its stakeholders (Freeman, 1990).	• Output growth• Employment growth• Sales growth	Freeman (1990); lebans and Garengo et al. (2005); Kaplan and Norton (1992); Calabrese et al. (2019)

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