Description of the variables included in the model
| Variable type | Indicator | Proxies | Description | Data source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variables | TEA | Total early-stage entrepreneurial activity | Percentage of the 18–64 population who are either nascent entrepreneurs or owner-managers of a new business | Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) |
| Self-employment | Self-employment rate | Percentage of self-employed people in all employed people | World Bank | |
| Core independent variable | Refugee inflows | Refugees in the total population | Total refugee (under UNHCR’s mandate) population in total country population (Multiply 1,000 due to low amounts) | World Bank Indicators, based on data from UNHCR |
| Other independent variables | ||||
| Individual factors | Age | % Population aged 20–39 years old | Population between the ages of 20 and 39 as a percentage of the total population | UN |
| % Population aged 40–69 years old | Population between the ages of 40 and 59 as a percentage of the total population | UN | ||
| Gender | Female population | The female population is the percentage of the population that is female | World Bank | |
| Human capital | Education (mean of schooling years) | The average number of years of education received by people aged 25 years and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level | UN | |
| Macroeconomic factors | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2017 international $) | This indicator provides per capita values for the gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in current international dollars converted by purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor | World Bank |
| Population growth | Population growth (Annual %) | The annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of the midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage | World Bank | |
| Unemployment rate | Unemployment rate | Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of the labor force and unemployment differ by country | World Bank | |
| Inflation | Inflation, consumer prices (Annual %) | Measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services | World Bank | |
| Financial resources | Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) | The percentage of financial resources provided by private sectors as a percentage of GDP | World Bank | |
| FDI | Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) | Foreign direct investment net inflows show net new investment inflows less disinvestment in the reporting economy from foreign investors and are divided by GDP | World Bank | |
| Institutional factors | Policies, regulations | Regulatory quality | Reflects perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. Ranging from 0 (the lowest quality) to 100 (the highest quality) in ranking | World Bank |
| Transparency | Corruption control | Reflects perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, it ranges from 0 (the worst corruption control) to 100 (The best corruption control) in ranking | World Bank | |
| Administrative complexity | Time to contract – time required to enforce a contract (days) | The time required to enforce a contract is the number of calendar days from the filing of the lawsuit in court until the final determination and, in appropriate cases, payment | World Bank | |
| Variable type | Indicator | Proxies | Description | Data source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TEA | Total early-stage entrepreneurial activity | Percentage of the 18–64 population who are either nascent entrepreneurs or owner-managers of a new business | Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) | |
| Self-employment | Self-employment rate | Percentage of self-employed people in all employed people | World Bank | |
| Refugee inflows | Refugees in the total population | Total refugee (under UNHCR’s mandate) population in total country population (Multiply 1,000 due to low amounts) | World Bank Indicators, based on data from UNHCR | |
| Individual factors | Age | % Population aged 20–39 years old | Population between the ages of 20 and 39 as a percentage of the total population | UN |
| % Population aged 40–69 years old | Population between the ages of 40 and 59 as a percentage of the total population | UN | ||
| Gender | Female population | The female population is the percentage of the population that is female | World Bank | |
| Human capital | Education (mean of schooling years) | The average number of years of education received by people aged 25 years and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level | UN | |
| Macroeconomic factors | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2017 international $) | This indicator provides per capita values for the gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in current international dollars converted by purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor | World Bank |
| Population growth | Population growth (Annual %) | The annual population growth rate for year | World Bank | |
| Unemployment rate | Unemployment rate | Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of the labor force and unemployment differ by country | World Bank | |
| Inflation | Inflation, consumer prices (Annual %) | Measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services | World Bank | |
| Financial resources | Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) | The percentage of financial resources provided by private sectors as a percentage of GDP | World Bank | |
| FDI | Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) | Foreign direct investment net inflows show net new investment inflows less disinvestment in the reporting economy from foreign investors and are divided by GDP | World Bank | |
| Institutional factors | Policies, regulations | Regulatory quality | Reflects perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. Ranging from 0 (the lowest quality) to 100 (the highest quality) in ranking | World Bank |
| Transparency | Corruption control | Reflects perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, it ranges from 0 (the worst corruption control) to 100 (The best corruption control) in ranking | World Bank | |
| Administrative complexity | Time to contract – time required to enforce a contract (days) | The time required to enforce a contract is the number of calendar days from the filing of the lawsuit in court until the final determination and, in appropriate cases, payment | World Bank | |