Table 2.

Average score of corruption factors causing

Cause of corruption (fraud star)2019202020212022
Pressure1,727,0641,635,3211,662,8441,538,991
Opportunity2,440,3672,518,3492,279,8172,155,963
Rationalization2,271,4682,335,9632,404,6792,410,917
Capability2,266,0552,224,7712,082,569206,422
Lack of integrity1,229,3581,275,229128,9721,259,259
Source: Authors’ own work
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